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Microsoft Visual Basic 2010:
Reloaded
Fourth Edition
Chapter Four
Making Decisions in a Program
Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

• Include the selection structure in pseudocode and in
a flowchart
• Explain the difference between single-alternative and
dual-alternative selection structures
• Code a selection structure using the If…Then…Else
statement
• Include comparison operators and logical operators
in a selection structure’s condition
• Create a block-level variable
Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 2
Objectives (cont'd.)
• Concatenate strings
• Use the ControlChars.NewLine constant
• Change the case of a string
• Include a check box in an interface
• Generate random numbers

The Selection Structure
• Selection structure (or decision structure):
– Used to select a path to take based on the outcome of
a decision or comparison
• Condition:
– The decision to be made
– Results in a Boolean (True or False) answer
• Single-alternative selection structure: performs a
set of tasks only when the condition is true
• True path: the tasks to perform when the condition
is true

The Selection Structure (cont’d.)
• Dual-alternative selection structure: contains one
set of tasks to perform when the condition is true
and a different set of tasks to perform when the
condition is false
• False path: the tasks to perform when the condition
is false
• Pseudocode uses if…end if to denote a selection
structure and else to denote the false path
– Indent instructions within the selection structure

The Selection Structure (cont'd.)
Figure 4-1: Selection structures you might use today

Figure 4-1: Selection structures you might use today (cont’d.)

Figure 4-2: Problem specification for Mountain Biking
Figure 4-3: Interface for the Mountain Biking application

Figure 4-4: Pseudocode containing only the sequence structure

Figure 4-5: Modified problem specification and pseudocode containing

a single-alternative selection structure
Figure 4-6: Single-alternative selection structure shown in a flowchart
Figure 4-7: Modified problem specification and pseudocode
containing a dual-alternative selection structure
Figure 4-8: Dual-alternative selection structure shown in a flowchart
Coding Single-Alternative and Dual-
Alternative Selection Structures
• If…Then…Else statement: used to code single-
alternative and dual-alternative selection structures
– Else clause: an optional part of the If statement
• Only used for the dual-alternative selection structure
– Condition must be a Boolean expression that
evaluates to either True or False
• Can contain variables, literal constants, named
constants, properties, methods, arithmetic operators,
comparison operators, and logical operators
• Statement block: set of statements in the true path
or the false path

Figure 4-9: How to use the If…Then…Else statement
Figure 4-9: How to use the If…Then…Else statement (cont’d.)

Comparison Operators
• Comparison operators (or relational operators):

– Used as part of the condition in an If…Then…Else
statement to compare two values
• Most commonly used comparison operators:
– Equal to: =
– Greater than: >
– Greater than or equal to: >=
– Less than: <
– Less than or equal to: <=
– Not equal to: <>
Figure 4-10: How to use comparison operators in a condition
Comparison Operators (cont’d.)
Figure 4-10: How to use comparison operators in a condition (cont’d.)

Comparison Operators (cont'd.)
• Comparison operators:
– Have no order of precedence
– Are evaluated from left to right in an expression
– Are evaluated after any arithmetic operators in the
expression
• All expressions containing comparison operators
evaluate to True or False only

Comparison Operators (cont'd.)
Figure 4-11: Evaluation steps for an expression containing arithmetic and

comparison operators

Comparing Numeric Values
• Auction House application displays highest and
lowest of two bids entered by the user
Figure 4-12: Sample run of the Auction House application

Comparing Numeric Values (cont'd.)
Figure 4-13: Pseudocode containing a single-alternative selection structure

Figure 4-14: Flowchart containing a single-alternative selection structure
Figure 4-15: Code entered in the Display button’s Click event procedure

Figure 4-15: Code entered in the Display button’s Click event procedure (cont’d.)

• Block-level variables: declared within a statement

block and remain in memory until the procedure
ends
• Block scope: A block-scope variable can only be
used within the statement block in which it was
declared
• Concatenation operator (&): connects or links two
strings together
• ControlChars.NewLine constant:
– Advances the insertion point to the next line

Figure 4-16: Illustration of the swapping concept

Figure 4-17: How to concatenate strings

Comparing Strings
• Addition and Subtraction Calculator application:

displays the sum or difference of two numbers
Figure 4-18: Sample run of the Addition and Subtraction Calculator application

Comparing Strings (cont'd.)
Figure 4-19: Pseudocode containing a dual-alternative selection structure

Figure 4-20: Flowchart containing a dual-alternative selection structure

Comparing Strings (cont'd.)
• MaxLength property: text box property that

specifies the maximum number of characters that
can be entered
• CharacterCasing property: text box property
that indicates if text should remain as typed or be
converted to uppercase or lowercase

Figure 4-21: Calculate button’s Click event procedure
The ToUpper and ToLower Methods
• String comparisons in Visual Basic are case-

sensitive
• ToUpper method: converts a string to uppercase
• ToLower method: converts a string to lowercase
• ToUpper and ToLower can be used to permanently
or temporarily convert a variable’s contents

(cont’d.)
Figure 4-22: How to use the ToUpper and ToLower methods

(cont’d.)
Figure 4-22: How to use the ToUpper and ToLower methods (cont'd.)
(cont’d.)
Figure 4-22: How to use the ToUpper and ToLower methods

(cont'd.)

Figure 4-23: Examples of using the ToUpper method in the calcButton Click
event procedure
Figure 4-23: Examples of using the ToUpper method in the calcButton Click
event procedure (cont’d.)
Comparing Boolean Values
• Check boxes: used to offer the user one or more

independent and nonexclusive items from which to
choose
Figure 4-24: A different interface for the Addition and Subtraction Calculator
application
Comparing Boolean Values (cont’d.)
Figure 4-25: Click event procedures for the subtractionCheckBox and

calcButton
Comparing Boolean Values (cont’d.)
Figure 4-25: Click event procedures for the subtractionCheckBox and

calcButton (cont’d.)
Logical Operators
• Logical operators (or Boolean operators):
– Used to combine two or more conditions into one
compound condition
• Compound condition: a combination of conditions
using logical operator(s)

Logical Operators (cont'd.)
Figure 4-26: How to use logical operators in a condition

Figure 4-26: How to use logical operators in a condition (cont'd.)

Figure 4-26: How to use logical operators in a condition (cont'd.)
• Truth tables: used to evaluate logical operators in an
expression
• Short-circuit evaluation: an evaluation in which the
second condition may not be evaluated
• AndAlso evaluates to True only when both sub-
conditions are True
• OrElse evaluates to False only when both sub-
conditions are False
• AndAlso and OrElse operations do not evaluate the
second condition if the first condition is false

Figure 4-27: Truth tables for the AndAlso and OrElse logical operators

Using the Truth Tables
• Use And or AndAlso when both conditions must
be true to give a true result
• Use Or or OrElse when one or both conditions
must be true to give a true result
• Remember: logical operators are evaluated after
arithmetic or comparison operators in an
expression

The Carroll Company Application
• Data validation:
– Process of verifying that the input data is within the
expected range
Figure 4-28: Two ways of writing the calcButton Click event procedure
Figure 4-28: Two ways of writing the calcButton Click event procedure (cont’d.)
The Carroll Company Application
(cont'd.)
Figure 4-29: Sample run of the Carroll Company application using valid data
Figure 4-30: Sample run of the Carroll Company application using invalid data
Summary of Operators
Figure 4-31: Listing of arithmetic, concatenation, comparison, and logical operators

Summary of Operators (cont’d.)
Figure 4-31: Listing of arithmetic, concatenation, comparison, and logical operators

(cont’d.)

Generating Random Integers
• Pseudo-random number generator: a device that

produces a sequence of numbers that meets
certain statistical requirements for randomness
• Random object: represents a pseudo-random
number generator
• Random.Next method:
– Generates a random integer
– Can specify a minimum and maximum value

Figure 4-32: How to generate random integers
Generating Random Integers (cont'd.)
Figure 4-33: Sample run of the Random Integers application

Generating Random Integers (cont'd.)
Figure 4-34: Generate button’s Click event procedure

Programming Tutorial 1
Figure 4-36: MainForm for the Find the Mouse Game application

Programming Tutorial 2
Figure 4-44: MainForm for the Greenview Health Club application

Programming Example
Figure 4-50: MainForm in the Fat Calculator application

Summary
• Selection structure allows a procedure to make a
decision and then take the appropriate action
• Three types of selection structures: single-
alternative, dual-alternative, and multiple-
alternative
• Diamond symbol represents a decision in a
flowchart
• Expressions with comparison operators will result
in an answer of True or False
• Comparison operators are evaluated from left to
right in expressions, after arithmetic operators
Summary (cont'd.)
• Variables declared within a selection expression

have block-level scope
• Concatenation: connecting or linking two strings
together with the concatenation operator (&)
• ControlChars.Newline advances the insertion
point to the next line in a control
• String comparisons are case-sensitive
• Use ToUpper and ToLower methods to
temporarily convert the case of a string

Summary (cont'd.)
• Use check boxes to provide the user with one or
more independent and nonexclusive choices
• Use logical operators to create compound
conditions
• An expression containing a logical operator will
evaluate to either True or False
• Logical operators have an order of precedence and
are evaluated after arithmetic and comparison
operators
• Use the pseudo-random number generator to
generate random numbers
SUPER MALL
Product 1
Product 2
Product 3
Product 4
Total Net Price
Tax
Total
> = 1000 tax is 5% otherwise 3%


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Microsoft Visual Basic 2010:

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 3

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 4

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 5

Figure 4-1: Selection structures you might use today

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 6

Figure 4-1: Selection structures you might use today (cont’d.)

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 7

Figure 4-2: Problem specification for Mountain Biking

Figure 4-3: Interface for the Mountain Biking application

Figure 4-4: Pseudocode containing only the sequence structure

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 9

Figure 4-5: Modified problem specification and pseudocode containing

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 14

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 16

• Comparison operators (or relational operators):

Figure 4-10: How to use comparison operators in a condition (cont’d.)

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 19

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 20

Figure 4-11: Evaluation steps for an expression containing arithmetic and

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 21

Figure 4-12: Sample run of the Auction House application

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 22

Figure 4-13: Pseudocode containing a single-alternative selection structure

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 23

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 25

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 26

• Block-level variables: declared within a statement

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 27

Figure 4-16: Illustration of the swapping concept

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 28

Figure 4-17: How to concatenate strings

• Addition and Subtraction Calculator application:

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 30

Figure 4-19: Pseudocode containing a dual-alternative selection structure

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 31

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 32

• MaxLength property: text box property that

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 33

• String comparisons in Visual Basic are case-

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 35

Figure 4-22: How to use the ToUpper and ToLower methods

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 36

Figure 4-22: How to use the ToUpper and ToLower methods

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 38

• Check boxes: used to offer the user one or more

Figure 4-25: Click event procedures for the subtractionCheckBox and

Figure 4-25: Click event procedures for the subtractionCheckBox and

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 44

Figure 4-26: How to use logical operators in a condition

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 45

Figure 4-26: How to use logical operators in a condition (cont'd.)

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 46

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 48

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 49

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 50

Figure 4-31: Listing of arithmetic, concatenation, comparison, and logical operators

Figure 4-31: Listing of arithmetic, concatenation, comparison, and logical operators

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 55

• Pseudo-random number generator: a device that

Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 56

Figure 4-33: Sample run of the Random Integers application