BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF IP ROUTING

CURSO HUAWEI: ROUTING & SWITCHING

 ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Basic Knowledge

Static Routing

OSPF Routing
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS

 An IP network, or networks, controlled by one or more operators

with a clear policy that governs how routing decisions are made.
BASIC DEFINITIONS
 Routing
As a basic concept on data communication networks, routing is the process of packet relaying or forwarding, and the
process provides route information for packet forwarding.
 Routing Protocols
Routing protocols are rules used by routers to discover routes, add routes, and maintain routing tables for packet
forwarding.
 Routers
As a standard network connection device, a router is used to select routes and forward packets. Based on the
destination address in the received packet, a router selects a path to send the packet to the next router. The last
router is responsible for sending the packet to the
 Static and Dynamic Routes
 Static routes can be easily configured and have low requirements on the system. They apply to simple, stable, and
small-scale networks. However, they cannot automatically adapt to network topology changes. Therefore, static
routes require subsequent maintenance.
 Dynamic routing protocols have their routing algorithms and can automatically adapt to network topology
changes. They apply to the network equipped with a number of Layer 3 devices. Dynamic route configurations are
complex. Dynamic routes have higher requirements on a system than static ones do and consume network
resources.

DYNAMIC ROUTING
Dynamic routing protocols can be classified based on the following criteria.
Based on the Application Scope
 Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP):.
 Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP):
Based on the Routing Algorithm
 Distance-vector routing protocol: includes RIP and BGP. BGP is also called a path-vector protocol.
 Link-state routing protocol: includes OSPF and IS-IS.
Based on the Destination Address Type
 Unicast routing protocol: includes RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
 Multicast routing protocol: includes Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM).
Table 2-1 Routing protocols and default route priorities

ROUTE PRIORITY

Routing Route Priority

Protocol or
Route Type
Direct 0
OSPF 10
IS-IS 15
Static 60
RIP 100
OSPF ASE 150
OSPF NSSA 150
IBGP 255
EBGP 255
LOAD BALANCING AND ROUTE BACKUP

Load Balancing
Per-packet load balancing
 With per-packet load balancing, the router forwards packets destined for the same destination through equal-cost
routes, and each time the next hop address is different from the last one.
Per-destination load balancing
 After per-destination load balancing is configured, the router forwards packets based on the quintuple (the source
address, destination address, source port, destination port, and protocol in the packets).
Route Backup
The Routers supports route backup to improve network reliability. You can configure multiple routes to the same
destination as required. The route with the highest priority functions as the primary route, and the other routes with
lower priorities function as backup route
LOCAL AREA NETWORK AND BROADCAST DOMAINS
LAN 3

LAN 1 LAN 2

Broadcast Domain Broadcast Domain

ROUTING DECISIONS

? Destination

 Routers are responsible for the decision making process that

determines the path via which packets are forwarded.
ROUTING TABLE FORWARDING REQUIREMENTS
Interface Next Hop Destination

RTA RTB RTC

20.1.1.1/30 20.1.1.2/30
10.1.1.0/30
E0/0/0 E0/0/0

IP Packet

 The forwarding of packets requires that the destination be known as

well as the forwarding interface and next-hop. Page 11
IP ROUTING TABLE
[Huawei]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
-------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 2 Routes : 2
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0

 The IP routing table lists the networks that are reachable via the
router. Packets that have no route are subsequently discarded. Page 12
IP Static Routes
APPLICATION FOR STATIC ROUTE
Static Route
Gateway

 Static routes define a means of path selection to other networks.

Page 14
CONFIGURING A STATIC ROUTE
RTA RTB

S1/0/0 S1/0/0
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
.1 .2
10.0.12.0/24

[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.12.1

[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 Serial 1/0/0
[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 Serial 1/0/0

 A static route can be configured based on one of three variations.

Page 15
FLOATING STATIC ROUTES
RTA RTB

G0/0/0 10.0.12.0/24 G0/0/0

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
.1 .2
G0/0/1 20.0.12.0/24 G0/0/1

[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.12.1

[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.12.1
preference 100

 Floating static routes provide an alternative route in the event that

the primary static route fails. Page 16
FLOATING STATIC ROUTE CHECK

[RTB]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
--------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 13 Routes : 14
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
……
192.168.1.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0

 Prior to the failure of the primary route, only the primary static
route will be present within the routing table. Page 17
FLOATING STATIC ROUTE CHECK

[RTB]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0

[RTB-GigabitEthernet 0/0/0]shutdown
[RTB]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
--------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 13 Routes : 14
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
……
192.168.1.0/24 Static 100 0 RD 20.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet 0/0/1

 In disabling the primary route, the floating static route is then added
to the routing table. Page 18
DEFAULT STATIC ROUTES
RTA RTB
192.168.1.0/24
G0/0/0 G0/0/0
.1 .2 192.168.2.0/24
10.0.12.0/24 192.168.3.0/24

[RTA]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.12.2

 Default routes provide a form of last resort route in the event that
no other longest match is found within the routing table. Page 19
DEFAULT STATIC ROUTE CHECK

[RTA]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
--------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 13 Routes : 14
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
……
0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.12.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0

Page 20
OSPF
OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST（OSPF）
RTA
RTB Site B

OSPF RIP

Site A

RTC

OSPF
 Minimal Routing Traffic
 Rapid Convergence Site C

 Scalable
 Accurate Route Metrics
Page 22
OSPF CONVERGENCE BEHAVIOR
RTA
RTB
LSDB
LSA Flooding
OSPF LSA of RTA

Site A
LSA of RTB

RTC LSA of RTC

destination next hop cost

SPF Algorithm
..... ..... ... Route Calculation
..... ..... ...
..... ..... ...
..... ..... ...
..... ..... ...
IP Routing Table Shortest Path Tree
Page 23
ROUTER ID
2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1
RTB RTA

RTC
3.3.3.3

 A router ID is a 32-bit value used to identify each router running the

OSPF protocol. Page 24
DESIGNATED ROUTER & BACKUP DESIGNATED ROUTER
1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2
RTA RTB

BDR DR

RTC RTD
3.3.3.3 4.4.4.4

 Designated Routers limit the number of adjacencies necessary in

broadcast (Ethernet) networks. Page 25
OSPF AREAS – SINGLE AREA
RTA
Area 0 RTB

RTD RTF

RTC

RTE

 A single link state database for the administrative domain.

 Any area number can be assigned but area 0 is recommended. Page 26

OSPF AREAS – MULTI AREA

RTA
Area 0 RTB

Area 1 Area 3

RTD RTF

RTC

RTE

Area 2

 Areas build separate LS databases, minimize impact of change.

Page 27
OSPF NETWORK ADVERTISEMENT
Area 0
RTA RTB

G0/0/0 G0/0/0
.1 192.168.1.0/24 .2
Router ID: 1.1.1.1 Router ID: 2.2.2.2

[RTA]ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1

[RTA-ospf-1]area 0
[RTA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

 The network command defines the network to be advertised.

 Route advertisements are forwarded based on areas. Page 28

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