Environmental services

(Sanitation services)

Beach Street Snow

removal
cleaning cleaning
 Why sanitation is important?

Because….
Of…???
Them!
PLEASE
PREVERVED
THE
ENVIRONMENT
FOR US!
OUR FUTURE DEPENDS ON YOU!
Water supply

Provision of water by
public utilities
commercial organisations,
community endeavors or by
individuals, usually via a
system of pumps and pipes.
Illegally breached pipes to take off water for the
domestic consumption
 The F-Diagramme
Water supply

Fluids Hygiene
Sanitation

Fingers

Faeces Future Victim

Food

Flies

Fields/Floor
s
 The F-diagramme revisited
Water supply

Fluids Hygiene
Sanitation

Fingers

Faeces Future Victim

Food

Flies

Fields/Floor
s
How people see their city
River &
Environs
City
Peri- Ward
domestic
Home
(street,
school,
work-
place)
An environmental view
Home

Peri-
domestic (street,school,
workplace)
Ward

City

Central Treatment
Works

Collectors

Street
Sewers
House
Connections
 A public health view
Street Sewer River &
Sewer Mains Environs
City
Peri- Ward
Interceptor/ domestic
Collector Home
House
Connection

Treatment
Plant/Outfall
Diarrhea is a huge problem in child health
Water, sanitation and hygiene can reduce diarrhoea
between 25-50%…

Water sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce

diarrhea in less developed countries: a systematic review
and meta-analysis.

2 million deaths/year from diarrhea

1/3 of developing world pop’n carry intestinal worms
200 million infected by schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
6-9 million blind from trachoma (1/4 reduced by
adequate water supply)
waste
everything that no longer
has a use or purpose and
needs to be disposed.
 Disposal means “any
operation which may lead to
resource recovery, recycling,
reclamation, direct re-use or
alternative uses (Annex IVB of
the Basel convention)”
 Kinds of Waste
Solid waste: wastes in solid forms, domestic,
commercial and industrial wastes
Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers,
bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other
trash
Liquid Waste: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals,
oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing
industries and other sources
 Classification of Wastes
according to their Properties
Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and
others)
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old
machines, cans, Styrofoam containers and
others)
Classification of Wastes according to
their Effects on Human Health and the
Environment
Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically and
have any of the following properties- ignitability,
corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically and do not have
any of those properties mentioned above. These
substances usually create disposal problems.
Classification of wastes according to
their origin and type

Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes

that include household garbage,
rubbish, construction & demolition
debris, sanitation residues, packaging
materials, trade refuges etc. are
managed by any municipality.
Bio-medical wastes:

Solid or liquid wastes including

containers, intermediate or end
products generated during
diagnosis, treatment & research
activities of medical sciences.
Industrial wastes:

Liquid and solid wastes that are

generated by manufacturing &
processing units of various
industries like chemical, petroleum,
coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper
etc.
.

Agricultural wastes: Wastes

generated from farming activities.
These substances are mostly
biodegradable.
Fishery wastes: Wastes generated
due to fishery activities. These are
extensively found in coastal &
estuarine areas
Radioactive wastes: Waste containing
radioactive materials. Usually these are
by products of nuclear processes.
Sometimes industries that are not
directly involved in nuclear activities,
may also produce some radioactive
wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes, chemical
sludge etc.
E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated
from any modern establishments. They
may be described as discarded
electrical or electronic devices. Some
electronic scrap components, such as
CRTs, may contain contaminants such
as Pb, Cd, Be or brominated flame
retardants.
Excreta disposal is undoubtedly
one of the key elements of any
emergency sanitation program.
Containment and safe disposal of
human excreta is the primary
barrier to transmission of excreta-
related disease.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL – (Alkantarilya)
a waste pipe that carries
away sewage or surface
water. sewer; gutter; toilet.
Recycling is <3
WHY!???
Rodent and Insects control
Controlling rat population is preferable
than killing individual rats in a house. The
key for a successful rodent control
program in a community is to control the
rodent population
This capacity is related to the availability
of food, harbourage, living space and
other vital rodent requirements.
Taxonomy and characteristics
Rodents are mammals. They
belong to:
Class - Mammalia,
Order – Rodentia
Family – Muridae and
Genus - Ratus
The most common species are:

R.rattus – known as the roof rat or

black rat
R. norvegicus – known as the
Norway rat, or brown rat and
Mus musculus – known as the
house rat
Rodents and disease
1. Salmonellosis – It is a food poisoning disease
that causes diarrhea and dysentery. The
disease is spread in several ways, one being the
feces of rats containing the infective bacteria
2. Leptospirosis – (Hemorrhagic jaundice) –
This disease is transmitted to man by
contaminated water supplies with infected
urine of rodents. Direct contact with the
infected rodents can also produce the disease.
The spirochetes may enter through mucous
membranes, cuts, and abrasions of the skin.
3. Murine typhus fever – It is transmitted from rat,
the reservoir of the disease, to man by the rat flea.
The rickettsial organisms that cause murine typhus
fever enters the human blood stream when feces of
infected fleas are rubbed or scratched into the flea
bite wound or broken skin.
4. Plague (Black death) – This is the disease which
once killed millions of people in Europe, Asia, and
Africa. It is transmitted from rodent to rodent and
from rodent to man. The disease is usually fatal to the
rat, the flea and man.
5. Trichinosis – The rat serves as a reservoir of
the disease. Man gets the disease indirectly by
eating raw pig that, in turn, have eaten
infected carcasses of rats.
6. Rickettsial pox – The infection is transmitted
from the house mouse to man by the bite of
the mite, which the house mouse harbors. The
rickettsial pox is a mild non-fatal disease, which
resembles chickenpox.
7. Rat bites – Rats have a painful bite. It leaves an ugly
scar when it heals. Secondary infections are also
common after a rat bite. People may develop rate bite
fever. Death due to rate bites occurs very rarely.
8. Economic damage – Since rats and mice live
everywhere and eat everything their destructiveness
is unlimited.
- Merchandize in stores and in transits is destroyed by
rats and mice
- Seeds and stored food are heavily destroyed. -
Furniture, clothing, they will even try to gnaw stones
and iron.
Limiting factors for rodent population
The factors that regulate the balance between
reproductions, morbidity and movement of
rodents are:
- Physical environment - Predation -
Competition
The physical environment is comprised of three
main elements, which are:
- Food and water - Harbourage - Climate
Improperly handled foods, garbage, and field
crops are often major sources of rodent food.
Control methods.
I. Rodent trapping
Traps have a definite place in rodent
control activities. Traps are useful in
connection with the following key points.
1. To kill the rats where the use of
poisoned baits is too dangerous for use in
common.
The most commonly used traps are:
Use of traps
1. Snap traps (Killer traps) – attractive bait should be
placed on it.
2. Cage traps (holder types)
Remember these points when you use traps
- Use traps in rat runways, burrows, etc.
- Fasten traps
- Block runways with boards, boxes, or other objects
after traps are set
- Set two traps at each end of runway
- Camouflage traps with dust, paper, board etc.
- Rats are suspicious, use as many traps as possible
II. Rat proofing
Rat proofing is applied to structures and
is designed to prevent rats from doing
economic damage and disease
transmission. Rats enter buildings
through drainpipes, doors, windows,
roofs, and foundations. Therefore, such
places should be screened for built
properly to avoid rats
III. Starving of rodents
This is the best method of controlling
rodents. If you starve rats by eliminating
all food material through basic
sanitation, then they will soon vanish, or
migrate away. Mobilize the community
for basic sanitation movement so that
rodents are deprived of food and shelter.
IV. Killing of rodents
- Use stick to kill rodents
- Fill their harbourage and suffocate
them
- Flood their holes
- Burn fire on their harbourage or holes
- Use rodenticides to kill them
There are two kinds of poisons or
rodenticides currently in use.
1. Single dose or knock down poisons
These are the poisons that can kill rats
through a single feeding. Examples include:
ANTU, Red squill, Strychnine, Sodium
flouroaccetate (1080), Zinc phosphide and
Arsenic trioxide (white arsenic)
2. Anticoagulants (Multiple dose poisons)
These poisons need to be repeatedly given
to be effective
Insecticides
According to the mode of attack
insecticides can be grouped into:
1. Stomach poisons – which can kill the
insect when taken through the mouth
2. Contact poisons – which kill the insect
by penetrating the body wall, and
3. Fumigants – which enter the body of
the insect through the breathing pores.
Insects and rodents spread germs and
are generally unhealthy.
To prevent infestations:
• Provide screens for exterior
windows and doors, and keep screens
closed at all times.
• Close all cracks, holes, and other
openings to the outside to prevent
rodents and insects from entering.
• Have a pest control program.
Generally faecal-oral
transmission
1. food borne infection -
invasion by the
organism with
multiplication or toxin
production in the host.
2. food borne
intoxication - growth in
food source with toxin
production before
ingestion
 Personal Hygiene
Appropriate Attire
• Wear Do NOT WEAR
Apron False nails
Rings
• Chef jacket Fingernail
polish Except for a plain metal band
• Chef pants Jewelry
• Hair restraint Watches
• Shoes (slip resistant) Dangling
earrings
 Causes of Food Poisoning

• Bacteria and Viruses Parasites Mold,

Toxins, and Contaminants Allergens
• Prevents the spread of pathogens to food.
 Cleaning and Sanitizing
• Steps:
• 1.Clean the surface
2.Rinse the surface
• 3.Sanitize the surface
4.Allow the surface to air-dry
• Cleaning removes food and dirt from surface
• Sanitizing reduces pathogens on a surface to
safe levels
Pollution Prevention and
Control
MAJOR TYPES OF POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

WATER POLLUTION

LAND POLLUTION

NOISE POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS
 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
• Emissions from Power stations

• Emissions from Industrial Processes

• Vehicular Emissions

• Emissions from Burning of Solid Waste

• Emissions from Natural Sources such as

Volcanic Eruptions & Forest Fires
WATER POLLUTION
MAJOR WATER POLLUTANTS
 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
• Sewage
• Runoff of Pesticides & Fertilizers
• Solid Waste Disposal
• Untreated Effluents from Industrial and
other activities
• Chemical and Oil Spills
LAND POLLUTION
SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION

• Domestic Solid Waste (Garbage, Rubbish, Trash)

• Construction and Demolition Waste

• Agricultural Waste

• Industrial Waste
NOISE POLLUTION
 SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
• Industrial (power plants, stone crushing, metal workshops, cabinet making);

• Multipurpose halls including wedding halls;

• Bungalows along the coast;
• Places of entertainment, including night clubs;
• Road traffic e.g. moving trucks, automobiles, buses, especially those with modified
silencer system;
• Community noise e.g. radio/TV, loudspeakers, pool houses and alarms;
• Animals e.g. dogs, cats, crows;
• Use of loud speaker, amplifier, musical instrument, electrical or mechanical device for
religious activities;
• Aircrafts and speed boats;
• Neighbourhood;
• Machinery (generator sets, compressors, air conditioning units, boilers, pumps,
motors);
• Others, including construction works, road infrastructural works, public gathering,
vibration, ice cream sellers, vendor shouts.
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE
POLLUTION
 Hearing Loss ( including occupational hearing loss)
 Stress
 High Blood pressure
 Sleep Loss
 Distraction
 Productivity Loss
 Cause Irritability,
 headache
 Annoying and interfere with communications.
to help keep the
air clean and
healthy?
1. Reduce the air pollution of your
automobile. When you are out for a drive,
do not idle your vehicle. Drive less by
combining trips, telecommuting, carpooling,
car sharing, riding a bike, walking, and using
public transit. When you are in the market to
buy a new vehicle, consider buying the most
efficient, and least polluting vehicle. Be sure
to keep car tuned and regularly replace air
filters at recommended intervals.
2.Save energy. When you save
energy, whether it is at home, at
work, or while you are traveling,
you will be reducing air polluting
particulates as well as carbon
emissions that pollute the air.
3.Use eco-friendly products in your
home and in your yard.
4. If you smoke, do not smoke inside your
home.
5. Support public policies and
representative politicians who will work to
protect the air and the environment.
6. Support companies that are committed
to sustainable manufacturing practices and
reducing pollution in the air.
 7. Recycle and buy recycled products. It takes
more energy and natural resources to make new
things, increasing the environmental footprint
(including the air pollution that is produced) of
those products, compared with those products
that are made from recycled materials.
8. Plant trees around your home and in your
community that can help to reduce air
pollutants. Trees help to clean the air of gaseous
pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone, as well as
particulate pollutants¹.
9. Keep air-cleaning houseplants to help reduce
the air pollutants inside your home. A list of
recommended houseplants to help keep your
home’s indoor air clean can be found here.
10. If you own a wood burning stove
or a fireplace, be sure to keep it well-
maintained. Old wood stoves can be
replaced with newer models that are
more efficient. It is also important to
burn the right wood in the right way to
prevent the generation of unnecessary
air pollution. For more information,
see epa.gov/burn wise.
FINALLY WE’RE DONE!

CONCLUSION…..?
THANKS FOR
HAVING YOUR
EAR! 