Flux and MMF Phasors

MMF is sinusoidal
Flux is sinusoidal

Therefore, Induced
armature voltage is
sinusoidal.
ARMATURE REACTION
 Flux and MMF Phasors
Consider cylindrical rotor alternator operation.
Case 1: No Load Operation
Alternator is rotated at syn speed by prime mover
Field wdg is excited
Armature voltage is induced which is given by
Va0=Vt0=Ef=4.44 f Tph Φf Kw
Ef= No load voltage, Excitation voltage or Excitation emf.
Tph= Turns per phase of arm wdg.
Φf = Flux per pole produced by field winding
Kw= Winding Factor
 Generated emf lags the flux by 900.
No Load Voltage,
Ef Ef
Excitation Voltage
Φf

Axis of Field
900
Ff Φf

Alternator phasor diagram at no load

 Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load

Y2 B1

Axis of Field
R1 R2
N S

Φf
B2 Y1
 Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load
N pole rotate anticlockwise
Conductor R1 moves clockwise.
Axis of armature
winding R1R2 Y2 B1
S
Fa
Axis of Field
R1 Φa
R2
N S

Φf
B2 N Y1
Emf is induced with dot polarity in R1 (RHR)
In R2 cross polarity
 Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load
N pole rotate anticlockwise
Conductor R1 moves clockwise.
Axis of armature
winding R1R2 Y2 B1
S
Resultant air gap flux
Φr
Axis of Field
R1 Φa
R2
N S

Φf
B2 N Y1
Emf is induced with dot polarity in R1 (RHR)
In R2 cross polarity
 Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load
Ef

ω
Axis of armature
winding R1R2 ω Ia
Resultant air gap flux
Φr Fa
Axis of Field Fr Φa
Time-phasor
Ff diagram of Ef
Φf ω and Ia at upf

Space-phasor diagram of mmf and flux

 Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load
It is a Rotor which Ef
has to move
clockwise

ω S
Attraction Ia
Φr Fa
Te Fr Φa
Ff N S

Φf
Repultion N

Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at upf

 Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load
It is a Rotor which Ef Te and ω are in
has to move opposite direction
clockwise Electromagnetic
torque Te is towards
ω S
Attraction Ia resultant mmf or flux.
Φr Fa Motoring action takes
Te Fr Φa
place in generator.
Ff N S Arm reaction
mmf is cross-
Φf magnetizing at
Repultion N upf.

Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at upf

 Case 3: Zero Power Factor Lagging Load
Ef
Arm reaction mmf
is de-magnetizing
Ff -Fa=Fr at zero pf lagging.
ω
Φf - Φa= Φr
Te
Φr
Ff Φf Fr Φa Fa Ia

Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at

zero pf lagging
 Case 4: Zero Power Factor Leading Load
Ef
Arm reaction mmf
is magnetizing at
Ff +Fa=Fr zero pf leading.
ω
Φf + Φa= Φr Ia Fa Φ
a
Te
Φr
Fr Ff Φf

Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at

zero pf leading
 Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load
Load with lagging
Ef pf is common load

Ff +Fa=Fr
Φf + Φa= Φr
ω
Fr Φ Ia
Te Φr
Fa
ψ Φa
Ff Φf

Combined Space and Time Phasor Diagram

at Lagging Power Factor load
 Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load
Two mmfs are sinusoidaly distributed along
the air gap periphery.
The relative velocity between the two mmfs
is zero.
Ψ=90+Φ
Due to uniform air gap
Φ Ia
Φr Φa
Fa Φf
ψ Φa
Ff Φf Φr

ψ
 Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load
Er= Air gap voltage

Ef
Er
Ψ=90+Φ
900 Φ Ia
Φr
Fa Er
ψ Φa
Ff Φf Φr
 Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load
jIaXm Er= Air gap voltage
jIaxl
From air gap voltage,
Ef
subtract leakage
Er
Ψ=90+Φ impedance drop
jIaxl and Iara
Φ Ia Iara
Φr Terminal voltage
Fa
ψ Φa or bus voltage is
Ff Φf Vt obtained
In air gap voltage, add
Mutual Inductance
drop, jIaXm
No load voltage Ef is obtained
 Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load
jIaXs Xm+xl =Xs
jIaXm jI x
a l

Ef
Er
Ψ=90+Φ
Φ Ia Iara

Vt
 Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load
jIaXs Xm+xl =Xs
Thus voltage equation of
Ef cyl. rotor generator is
Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ δ
For generator Ef leads Vt
Ψ=90+ δ+θ Φ θ Ia Iara
for generator
The angle between Vt
and Ia is θ, power factor
Vt
The angle between Ef angle
and Ia is Φ=δ+θ, internal The angle between Vt
displacement angle or and Ef is δ, power angle,
internal power factor torque angle or load
angle angle
 Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

¯f
E

Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ
¯t
V Actualy variables are
Ψ=90+ δ+θ δ phasors
for generator E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X s
θ
Ef leads to Vt Ia
for Generator
 Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

Ef Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ
Vt If resistance is
Ψ=(90+ δ+θ) <180 δ neglected
for generator
θ Ef=Vt+jIaXs
Ia
 Unity Power Factor

jIaXs Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ
Ef Vt If resistance is
Ψ=90+ δ+θ δ neglected
for generator
Ef=Vt+jIaXs
Ia
 Leading Power Factor

Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ
Vt If resistance is
Ef δ neglected

Ia Ef=Vt+jIaXs

θ
 Assignment 19
1. Explain the role of winding factor in Synchronous Machine acting as (i)Generator and (ii)
Motor.
2. Draw and explain the Alternator Combined Space and Time Phasor diagram at (i) No load, (ii)
ZPF lag load, (iii) ZPF lead load, (iv) R-L load and (v) R-C load.
3. If a three phase winding is displaced in space by 120 degree in a synchronous motor. What is
the magnitude of resultant flux when it is rotated by Θ = 0 degree and Θ = 60 degree?
4. When an alternator is connected to infinite bus bar, what will be the effect of change in
excitation for alternator?
5. Fill in the blank : (i) If a 3 phase alternator is short circuited at its terminal, then the initial
value of short circuit current will be limited by ……………. (ii) Back emf in case of
synchronous motor depends on the…………….
6. A synchronous motor is started by using damper winding. What is the induced emf in the
damper winding when the motor runs at synchronous speed ?
7. A synchronous motor draws 2 MVA at a power factor of 0.8 leading. If the efficiency is 90%
find the power developed ?
8. For a synchronous motor, as the load angle reaches up to 90 ° electrical i.e. half a pole pitch,
then what is the effect on the magnetic locking between the stator and rotor?

October 04, 2019 Friday