Data Encapsulation and OSI model

LAN & WAN basics

Knowledge Sharing Session 3

AGENDA

TCP/IP Suite
Data Encapsulation

OSI-
History
Layers
Layer Function
OSI & TCP/IP
Example protocols
OSI Terminologies

Typical LAN features for physical layer

Typical LAN features for Data Link layer
ETHERNET
NETWORK Learning Technique
 Data Encapslation
• The term encapsulation describes the process
of putting headers and trailers around some
data
• A computer that needs to send some data
encapsulates the data in header of correct
format so that the receiving computer will
know how to interpret the received data
 Encapsulation 5 steps
• Step1:create the application data and header-
this simply means that application has data to
send
• Step2:Package the data for transport-
Transport layer(TCP or UDP) creates the
transport header and places the data behind it
• Step 3:Add the destination and source
network layer address to the data-the network
layer creates network header which includes
the network layer addresses,and places the
data behind it
• Step4:Add the destination and source data link
layer addresses to the data-the data link layer
creates the data link header, places the data
behind it, and places the data link trailer at the
end
• Step 5:Transmit the bits-the physical layer
encodes a signal onto the medium to transmit
the frame
• OSI committee didn’t create new protocol
instead referenced other protocols that were
already defined(except in few cases)
• IEEE defined Ethernet standard,OSI committee
didn’t waste time in specifying new type of
ethernet ,it simply referred to IEEE ethernet
standards.
• Layer 7,6,5 define functions focussed on the
application
• Layer 4,3,3,2,1 define functions focussed on
the end to end delivery of data
Layer 7 interface between communication software and any application that need to
communicate outside the computer on which application resides.

• Web browser is an application on a computer.

The browser need to get the content of web
page.The OSI layer 7 defines the protocol used
on the behalf of the application to get the
webpage.
 Layer 6 Defines data formats,such as ASCII
text,EBCDIC text,BCD,JPEG
• FTP enbales you to choose binary or ASCII transfer
If binary is selected ,the sender and receiver do not
modify contents of file.If ASCII is choosen,the
sender translates the text from sender’s character
set to a standard ASCII and sends the data.
The receiver translates back from the standard ASCII
to the character set used on the receiving
computer
 Layer 5 defines how to start, control end the conversation

• This allow the layer 7 to have a seamless view of

incoming stream of data.
• This layer creates ways to imply which flows are part
of same session and which flows must complete
before any are considered complete.

ATM transaction in which you withdraw cash from your

account should not debit your account and then fail
before handing you the cash,recording the transaction
even though you did not receive money.
Layer 4 data delivery to other computer

• Error recovery
• Segmentation of large application data blocks
into smaller ones for tranmsission
• Reassembly of those blocks of data on the
receiving computer
 Layer 3 end to end delivery of packets
• Nework layer defines logical addressing so that any
endpoint can be iddentified.
• It also defines how routing works and how routes are
learned so that the packets can be delivered
IP running in a router is responsible for
a)examinining the destination IP address of a packet
b)Comparing that address to the IP routing table
c)Fragmenting the packet if the outgoing interface requires
smaller packets
d)And queuing the packets to be sent out to the interface
 Layer 2 defines specification of particular link or medium to deliver data across it

• These protocols are necessarily concerned with

type of media in question

• 802.3 & 802.2 define Ethernet for IEEE,which are

referenced by OSI as valid data link layer protocol
• HDLC High level data link control for a point to
point WAN link,deal with different details of A
WAN link
Layer 1 Typically standards from organization that are referenced by OSI deal with the
physical characteristics of tranmission media

• Connectors,pins,use of pins,electrical
currents,encoding and light modulation are all
part of different physical layer specification

• RJ45 defines shapes of connector and number

of wires or pins in the cable
• Layer 7 Telnet HTTP FTP WWW
browsers,NFS,SMTP gateways,SNMP
• Layer 6
JPEG,ASCII,EBCDIC,TIFF,GIF,PICT,ENCRYPTION,MP
EG,MIDI
• Layer 5 RPC,SQL,NFS,NetBios names,Apple
Talk,DECnet SCP
• Layer 4 TCP UDP SPX
• Layer 3 IP IPX Apple Talk
• Layer 2 IEEE 802.3,HDLC,FR,FDDI,ATM,IEEE 802.5
• Layer 1 RJ45,Ethernet,802.3,EIA/TIA-232,V.35
 Benefits of layering
• Easier to learn for human
• Easier to develop
• Multivendor interoperbility
• Modular Engineering One vendor can write
software that implements higher layers for
example web browser and another can write
software that implements the lower layer for
example Microsoft in buit-in TCP/IP software in
its operating systeme
 OSI Terminolgies
• Some OSI layers are correlated to TCP/IP layers
• OSI Transport layer correlate to TCP/IP transport
layer
• OSI network layer correlate to TCP/IP
internetwork layer
• TCP/IP Application layer mapped to layer 5-7 in
OSI
• Network layer in TCP/IP mapped to data link layer
and physical layer
 Ethernet
• Ethernet is king of LAN standard
• Ethernet v/s Token ring v/s ATM
• 10Mbps-100Mbps-1Gbps-10Gbps
• Ethernet defines both layer 1-2 functions of
OSI layer-Data link and physical
 Typical LAN features for physical layer

• The OSI physical layer defines the standards

used to send and receive bit across a physical
network
• The OSI physical layer and its equivalent
protocols in TCP/IP define all the details that
allow the transmission of the bits from one
device to the next
• Web browser requesting a web page from web
server
• Physical layer defines details of cabling
-Max length allowed fro each type of cable(CAT5,6)
-Number of wires inside the cable
-the shapes of connector(RJ45 connector) at the
end of cable
-purpose of each pin or wire of cable
CAT 5 unshileded twisted pair UTP ethernet cable
pin 1 and pin 2 are used for TX
pin 3 and pin 6 are used for RX
• Straight thorugh cable
• Connect pin 1 on one end of the cable with
pin 1 on the other end,pin 2 on one end to pin
2 on the other and so on
• Twisted pair cable
• By twisting wires,the electomagnetic
interference caused by electrical current is
greatly reduces
• Most LAN cabling uses two twisted pairs –one
pair for transmitting and one for receiving
 Typical LAN features for data link layer
• OSI layer 2 defines the standards and protocols
used to control the transmission of data across a
physical network
• If you think of layer 1 as “sending bits”
• You can think of layer 2 as
• 1)knowing when to send bits
• 2)noticing when error occurred when sending bits
• 3)iddentifying the computer that needs to get the
bits
• Arbitration determines when it is appropriate to
use the physical medium
• Addressing Ensures the correct recipient receives
and process the data is sent
• Error detection Determines whether the data
made the trip across the physical medium
successfully
• Identification of encapsulated data-Determines the
type of header that follows the data link header
• Many physical network allow more than two
devices attached to same physical
network(Shared medium)
• So data link defines addresses to make sure that
the correct devices listens and reives the data
that is sent
• By putting correct address in the data link
header the sender of the frame can be relatively
sure that correct reciever will get the data
• Ethernet uses Media Access control addresses
Frame relay uses data link connection identifier
DLCI
• Error detection discovers wheteher bit errors
occurred during tx of the frame
• Most data link protocols include FCS or CRC filed
in data link trailer (discard the frame)
• Error recovery resending of data is responsibility
of another protocol
 LAN & WAN
• To connect LANs together using a WAN, the
internetwork uses a router connected to each
LAN, with a WAN link between the routers.
First, the enterprise would have some kind of
WAN link. A router at each site connects to
both the WAN link and the LAN.

•
 How Routers Use a WAN Data Link
• Today, most leased lines connect to routers, and
routers focus on delivering packets to a
destination host. However, routers physically
connect to both LANs and WANs, with those LANs
and WANs requiring that data be sent inside data
link frames. So, now we know a little about HDLC,
it helps to think about how routers use the HDLC
protocol when sending data.
• First, the TCP/IP network layer focuses on
forwarding IP packets from the sending host to
the destination host. The underlying LANs and
WANs just act as a way to move the packets to the
next router or end-user device.
 Network layer perspective.
IP Routing Logic over LANs and WANs
• 1. PC1’s network layer (IP) logic tells it to
send the packet to a nearby router (R1).
• 2. Router R1’s network layer logic tells it to
forward (route) the packet out the leased line
to router R2 next.
• 3. Router R2’s network layer logic tells it to
forward (route) the packet out the LAN link
to PC2 next.
General Concept of Routers Deencapsulating and Re encapsulating IP
packets
Following the steps in the figure, again for a packet sent by PC1 to PC2’s IP
address:
1. To send the IP packet to router R1 next, PC1 encapsulates the IP packet
in an Ethernet frame that has the destination MAC address of R1.
2. Router R1 deencapsulates (removes) the IP packet from the Ethernet
frame, encapsulates the packet into an HDLC frame using an HDLC header
and trailer, and forwards the HDLC frame to router R2 next.
3. Router R2 deencapsulates (removes) the IP packet from the HDLC
frame, encapsulates the packet into an Ethernet frame that has the
destination MAC address of PC2, and forwards the Ethernet frame to PC2.

In summary, a leased line with HDLC creates a WAN link between two
routers so that they can forward packets for the devices on the attached
LANs. The leased line itself provides the physical means to transmit the
bits, in both directions. The HDLC frames provide the means to
encapsulate the network layer packet correctly so that it crosses the link
between routers
Ethernet as a WAN Technology
Many WAN service providers (SP) offer WAN
services that take advantage of Ethernet. SPs
offer a wide variety of these Ethernet WAN
services, with many different names

• Ethernet emulation
• Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS)
Ethernet emulation is a general term, meaning
that the service acts like oneEthernet link
• EoMPLS refers to Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), which
is one technology that can be used inside the SP’s cloud.
• The type of EoMPLS service gives the customer an Ethernet
link between two sites. In other words, the EoMPLS service
provides A point-to-point connection between two customer
devices.Behavior as if a fiber Ethernet link existed between
the two devices.
• So, if we can imagine two routers, with a single
Ethernet link between the two routers
• In this case, the two routers, R1 and R2, connect
with an EoMPLS service instead of a serial link.
• The routers use Ethernet interfaces, and they
can send data in both directions at the same
time. Physically, each router actually connects to
some SP PoP, but logically, the two routers can
send Ethernet frames to each other over the link
Ethernet Emulation
EoMPLS
 Learning network
Windows command prompt
Wireshark
Advance IP scanner
Network Simulator
Observation
Certification
Animation video