Protection of the Eye

• The eye ball is in a cavity

(socket) of the skull that
protects it from knocks.

• Eyebrows prevent sweat from entering the eye.

• The eyelids prevent the entry of substances such as

windblown grit.
• Tears lubricate the surface of the eye, when we blink.
• Eyelashes help prevent the entry of dust and grit.
 The Human Eye
The Pupil Reflex

Pupil is smaller in bright light and larger in dim light.

A reflex action which controls the amount of light entering eyes.

In Bright Light
In bright light, circular muscle in iris contracts.

This enlarges the iris

Hence reducing pupil’s size.

In Dim Light

Radial muscles contract.

Iris gets smaller which make pupil larger in size.

 Pigment Accustoms The Eye To Dim Light

When in bright light the pigment is bleached out.

These pigments take time to regenerate in order for you

to see in the dark.

It may take up to 30 minutes for all the rods pigments to

regenerate when you enter dim light.
This accounts for the difficulty in seeing at first on
entering a dark room.
 Accommodation

• The way the lens brings about fine focusing on the retina.

• The lens is elastic and its focal

length can be change.

• Focal length of the lens is longer

for viewing distant objects as
the lens get thinner.

• Focal length of the lens is shorter

for viewing near objects as the
lens get fatter.
Eye Defects

Long Sight/ Hyperopia

• When near objects cannot be
focused on the retina.

• The diverging rays of light are not sufficiently refracted.

• The image form behind the retina.

• Light rays from distant objects can be seen clearly, as they need less
refraction.
Cause of Long Sight
• By a short eyeball
• A weak lens

Correction
Can be corrected by
wearing glasses with a
a convex lens.
Short Sight / Myopia

• Can see near objects

clearly as the light rays
need more refraction.

• Distant objects appear

blurred.

• Parallel light rays are refracted too much and focus in

front of the retina.
Cause of Short sight

• A long eyeball

• Lens refracting the light

too much (Strong lens).

Short Sight Correction

Can be corrected by
wearing glasses with
Concave lens.
Astigmatism
• This is cause when the cornea become uneven.

• Vision becomes distorted.

• Parallel vertical or longitudinal

bars appear to bend.

• Light rays focus at different points

on the retina.
Glaucoma
• often associated with a buildup of pressure inside the eye.

• The increased pressure can damage the optic nerve,

which transmits images to the brain.

• If damage to the optic nerve from high eye pressure

continues, glaucoma will cause permanent loss of vision.
Why Does Pressure Rise in the Eye to Cause Glaucoma?

• When eye fluid isn't circulating normally in the front part

of the eye.

• Normally, this fluid, called aqueous humor, flows out of

the eye through a mesh-like channel.

• If this channel becomes blocked, fluid builds up, causing

glaucoma.
Cataracts

• Occur when there is a buildup of protein in the lens that

makes it cloudy.

• This prevents light from passing clearly through the lens,

causing some loss of vision.