Professional Documents
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Civil Survey
Civil Survey
Surveying
Adapted from:
Roy Frank
Planning A Survey
Planning requires a well rounded
understanding of surveying practices
Process:
1. Choice of accuracy required (depends on
use to be made)
1. Basic Control
2. Topographic
3. Photogrammetry
Planning A Survey
2. Existing Control
1. Search records for existing control in area
1. Illinois Geological Survey – Urbana, IL
2. National Geodetic Survey – Rolla, MO or Rockville,
Maryland
3. Reconnaissance:
1. Search Procedure:
1. Description often dated
2. Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long)
3. Probe, detectors – often problems - brass
Planning A Survey
4. Choice of Instruments and Methods
1. Depends on availability, location, existing
features, and accuracy
5. Computation and Drafting
Accuracy and Errors
Accuracy depends on:
1. Precise instruments
2. Precise Methods
3. Good Planning
Example: Angle turned with theodolite,
pointed with care; readings checked
thus good precision. Angle’s of 2-3”
expected, real results angle’s 15” =
accuracy
Errors
3 Types
1. Blunders
2. Systematic Error
3. Accidental Error
Blunder is a mistake, to help eliminate:
1. Every value to be recorded must be checked
by some independent field observation
Errors
2. Once check indicates that there is no
blunder, field record must never be changed
or destroyed
3. An overall check must be applied to every
control survey. Make as many overall
checks as possible.
Errors
Systematic Error – an error that under the
same conditions will always be of same size
and sign.
Basic Rules to Eliminate:
1. All surveying equipment must be designed and used
so that whenever possible systematic errors will be
eliminated automatically
2. Systematic error which can not be eliminated must
be evaluated and their relationship to conditions
that cause them must be determined.
Example: Temperature Corrections
Errors
Accidental Errors – (random errors)
represent the limit of precision in the
determination of a value
Corrected be laws of probability
Compass Rule and Least Squares
Hydrographic Surveys
1. Surveys and mapping of bodies of water and
shorelines
2. Rivers and Lakes – Process different
2. Rivers
2. Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines of control
points on opposite sides
3. River Portion: 2 processes
2. EDM similar to radial
3. Dual instrument with position by angle and intersection
3. Lakes
2. Normal process same as river but generally do not have
current problems
Overall Process:
1. Establish control points both horizontal and
vertical
2. Preplan where sections are to be taken (this is
basis for control points on shore)
3. Cross sections taken
4. If EDM, radials taken from control points due
to difficulty in obtaining shots under 300’
5. May have to combine cross sections and radial
location to pick up anomalies not covered by
cross sections
Gauging Stations
Purpose is to install either manually read or
automatic gauges to determine stream, river,
lake, or ocean elevations
Process:
1. Establish system of BM’s throughout area
gauges will be installed
2. Establish elevation mark at site for installation
3. After gauges are installed, check elevation of
each
Topographic Surveys
6 Basic Methods
1. Radial
2. Plus/Offset
2. Plus Offset
2. Establish baseline (Often centerline), establish
points at station interval 50’, 100’, 200’
3. Tie planimetric data by distance down line plus
distance right or left (looking up stationing)
4. Establish elevations on station points then
elevation out a predetermined distance with
shots at breaks
Topographic Surveys
4. Due additional section to locate features in between
stations
5. Equipment: Tape, Level, Rod, Transit, - Right Angle
Prism?
2. Grid Method
1. Take cross Section Groups and Combine
2. Establish Grid baseline – often property line
3. Establish Perpendicular line
4. Both Marked at grid interval (25’, 50’)
5. Planimetric tied plus/offset in each grid
6. Grid laid out by double taping
7. Field notes 1 – 2 grids/page
Topographic Surveys
3. Photogrammetry
1. Limitations
1. Trees – Leaves off – no large growths of
coniferous
2. Ground Cover – grass, thick weeds and vines,
snow
3. Clear Sky
4. Tall Buildings
Due to these Limitations Illinois only has on the
average of 2 weeks flying time
Topographic Surveys
Scale – Photo
S = (f/H’)
Coordinates From Photos
XA = (xa/f)(H-ha)
YA = (ya/f)(H-ha)
Height of an object
r = radial dist. to top
d = radial dist. to top –
radial dist. to bottom
h= d (H’) / r
Topographic Surveys
4. GPS: Total Station System
1. Basic of GPS
1. Topo with GPS
2. Topo: Trimble Total Station (RTK)
2. Limitations:
1. Must be able to maintain satellite signal – Trees,
Building
2. Signal Reflection (Multipath) – Buildings, Fences,
Roofs
3. Debate over elevation (0.15’ +/- my belief)
Topographic Surveys
5. Trace Contour
1. Used to identify several contours around an
area
6. Plane Table Surveys
1. Rarely used
2. Method prepares a manuscript map in the
field
Mapping and Map Drafting
2 Basic Types of Maps used in
Engineering
1. Line Drawing
2. Photogrametrically prepared manuscript or
orthophoto map
Mapping and Map Drafting
1. Datum in Mapping:
Datum used to correlate measurements, to
determine elevations and horizontal
positions for points at different locations
Topographic Maps using Symbols Show:
1. Spatial configuration of Earths surface (contours)
2. Natural Features (Lakes, Rivers, etc.)
3. Physical Changes caused by man
Mapping and Map Drafting
2. Planning Maps
Used in planning Engineering work or overall
planning at the urban, Regional, or National
Levels
3. Plotting Contours:
Interpolation:
1. Estimation
2. Computation
Mapping and Map Drafting
4. Contours
Characteristics of Contours:
1. Horizontal distance between contour lines is inversely
proportionate to the slope
2. Uniform slopes have contours evenly spaced
3. Along plane surfaces (manmade) contour lines are straight
and parallel
4. Contour lines are perpendicular to lines of steepest slope
5. All contours close upon themselves
6. Different contours do not merge or cross one another
(except vertical walls, overhangs, cliffs) on map
Mapping and Map Drafting
Factors that influence choice of map scale
1. Clarity with which features can be shown
2. Cost (larger scale – higher cost)
3. Correlation of Map data with related maps
4. Desired size of map sheet
5. Physical factors (number and character), nature
of terrain, required contour interval
Mapping and Map Drafting
5. Map Classifications
Based on American Society of Civil
Engineering, Surveying, and Mapping
Division
1. Design Maps:
Used to design and construct
6. Information shown on Maps:
Mapping and Map Drafting
1. The following should be on a map:
1. Direction of Meridian (North)
2. Graphical Scale (Bar in case of reduction)
3. Legend or key of symbols
4. Title Block (identifiers)
5. Contour Interval
6. Datum to which both Horizontal and Vertical are
Referenced
7. If coordinate base used – what system
Mapping and Map Drafting
2. If map is to become public record
(subdivision). It must contain in addition to
the above:
1. Length of each line
2. Direction of each line (bearing or angles)
3. Subdivision numbering system (lot and block)
4. Location and Kind of monuments
5. Names of property owners (on site and adjacent)
6. Full description of Boundary
7. Certificate of Surveyor that map is correct
Planning and Estimating from Topo
Maps
1. Purpose of Topo maps
2. Profiles
3. Grade contour
4. Drainage Area
Limits determined by following characteristics:
1. Begins and ends at the point in the stream to which it
applies
2. Passes through every saddle that divides drainage area
3. Often follows ridges
5. Reservoir Capacity
Earthwork Computations by
Average End Area
Prepare Cross Sections
Differentiate between existing & proposed
Compute Volume
Conversion Constant: 1.852 = (100/27)/ 2 = {(Sta. Dist.)/ [CF/CY]} / 2
Earthwork by Average End Area
EARTHWORK BY AVERAGE END AREA
(EXAMPLE)
END AREAS:
STATION CUT EMBANKMENT
0+00 0 0
1+00 10 156
2+60 50 795
3+00 197 1526
4+80 5 110
5+00 0 0
SAMPLE END AREA
STATION SUM SUM
CUT FILLCUT FILL D/100 CUT FILL CUT FILL
0+00 0 0
10 156 1.0 10 156 10
156
1+00 10 156
60 951 1.6 96 1522 106
1678
2+60 50 795
247 2321 0.4 99 929 205
2607
3+00 197 1526
202 1636 1.8 364 2945 569
5552
4+80 5 110
5 110 0.2 1 22 570
5574
4. Bidding procedure
1. Notice of bid advertised on local paper
2. Pre-bid meeting
Sewer Projects
3. Bidding
1. Each contractor submits sealed bid
2. Bids opened and tabulated
3. Engineer reviews proposals
4. Engineer recommends which bid to accept
4. Contract awarded
Sewer Projects
5. Construction
1. Surveying
1. Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout
2. Manholes referenced
3. Staking methods
1. Batterboard method
2. Laser method
4. Measurement of quantities
6. As Built
Water distribution systems
1. Put under contract – water district
formed
2. Preliminary studies
1. General layout prepared
2. Water district signs up users
3. Water source located
4. Waterlines placed on general layout
1. Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo
Water distribution systems
5. Pump station and water storage sites
1. Property acquired by perpetual easement or purchased
2. Boundary survey performed for each site
3. Topo each site
3. Field work
1. Plan preparation
1. Normally photogrammetrically
1. Flight plan sent on general layout
2. Take photos and post measure horizontal control
3. Plan sheets marked on photos using template
Water distribution systems
2. Waterlines placed on plan sheets
2. Crossings and easements
1. Every location where waterline crosses paved
road, railroad – has to be topo, cross sectioned,
and tied to nearest stationing or milepost
2. Crossings plotted and permits applied for –
railroads, state DOT, township and county roads
3. Easement descriptions prepared
Water distribution systems
4. Final design
1. All waterlines and appurtenances on plans,
easements, acquired and in docket form,
rock excavation on plans
1. Quantities computed
2. System driven to make sure nothing missed
2. Tanks and P.S.
1. Designed and sized
2. Quantities computed
Water distribution systems
5. Bidding
6. Construction
1. Water distribution system
1. Waterline stakeout
1. Each easement plotted on plans
2. Crossings as permitted staked
2. Quantities
2. Tanks and PS
1. Foundation staked
2. Must be checked for plumb
7. As built
Architectural Projects
1. Firm Under contract
2. Preliminary fieldwork
1. Boundary survey
1. Description provided
2. Fieldwork
1. Monument search, traverse site
2. Compute data and analysis
3. Final stakeout
3. Easement and encroachment search
4. Plat of survey
Architectural Projects
2. Topo – grid method most common
1. Grid pattern 25’ – 100’
2. BM – USGS
3. Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access
4. Utilities – nearest tied in
5. Include all objects above, on or below, ground
6. Prepare topo map
7. Field check map
Architectural Projects
3. Construction
1. Control
1. If large building – you may want to establish
TBM’s on control Mon.
2. Stakeout
1. Convert architects dimensions to engineering
2. Layout clearing and excavation limits
3. Layout underground piping
Architectural Projects
4. Layout footings and foundations
5. Layout building corners and supports
6. Locate roads and parking areas
7. Locate lighting and other project extras
3. As built
Structure and Terrain Movement
Used to monitor:
1. Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z)
2. Movement of bridges
3. Movement of dams
4. Landslides and earthquakes
5. Amusement park rides
Structure and Terrain Movement
Description – error within system must
be less than smallest movement to be
observed
2 groups of monuments installed
1. Reference or control monuments
2. Deformation or movement monuments
Structure and Terrain Movement
Control – generally concrete pillars
extending 3-4 feet out of ground with
tribrach permanently attached
Movement monuments – for earthquake
or landslide may be similar deep
monuments
Structure and Terrain Movement
Equipment:
1. GPS
2. Turned angles
3. Angle/Distance
4. Leveling