Anatomy of Sperm

Anatomy ofOva
APPROXIMATION OF GAMETES
 The ovum immediately following ovulation is
picked up by the tubal fimbriae which partly
envelope the ovary, specially at the time of
ovulation .

 The pick up action might be muscular or by a kind

of suction by ciliary action or by a postivie
chemotaxis exerted by the tubal secretion.
1.Following ovulation, as the ovum is extruded from
the graafian follicle, it is surrounded by a ring of
mucopolysaccharide fluid (zona pellucida) and a
circle of cells (corona radiata). These structures
increase the bulk of the ovum, facilitating it’s
migration to the uterus.
FERTILIZATION
 Fertilization is the process of fusion of the
spermatazoon with the mature ovum.It begins
with sperm and egg fusion and ends with the
production of mononucleated single cell called
ZYGOTE.

 Almost always fertilization occurs in

AMPULLARY portion of fallopian tubes.
 The ovum is rapidly transported to the
ampullary part.
 Fertilisable life span of oocyte ranges from 12
to 24 hours where as that of sperm is 48 to 72
hours.
 Out of hundred of millions of sperms
deposited in the vagina at single ejaculation.
Only thousands capacitated spermataozoa
enter the uterine tube while only 300-500
reach the ovum.
 The tubal transport is facilitated by muscular
contraction and aspiration action of the
uterine tube.
6. Hyaluronidase (a proteolytic enzyme) is
released by the spermatozoa which acts to
dissolve the layer of cells protecting the
ovum.
 CONTACT AND FUSION OF THE
GAMETES
 Complete dissolution of the cells of the corona
radiata occurs by the chemical action of the
HYALURONIDASE liberated from theAcrosomal
cap of the hundreds of sperm present at the site.
 Penetration of Zona pellucida is facilitated by
Hyaluronidase from the acrosomal cap.
 Soon after the Sperm fusion ,penetration of other
sperm is prevented by ZONA REACTION and
COLEMA BLOCK.
Process of Fertilization
(1) Chemo attraction

(2) Release of acrosomal enzymes

(3) Binding of sperm to extra cellular envelopes

(4) Passage through extra cellular envelopes

(5) Fusion of sperm and egg pronuclei

7. Only one spermatozoa is able to penetrate the cell
membrane of the ovum. After it has done, cell membrane
becomes impervious to other spermatozoa.
Fusion of the pronuclei:

 The male and female

pronuclei are
indistinguishable from one
another.
 The second polar body can
be seen (arrow).
 The plasma membranes of
the two pronuclei are
dissolving and one diploid
nucleus will remain.
• In fallopian tube

: 3 days

1st day : Fertilization

Zygote : diploid cell 2nd

day : 2 cell zygote

blastomere
thick zona pellucida

3rd day : Morular

16 cells
 BLASTOCYST
 While the morula remains free in the uterine cavity
on the 4th and 5th day.

 The fluid passes through the canaliculi of the zona

pellucida which seperates the cells of morula and is
now termed as BLASTOCYST.

 Zona Hatching is next step so that trophectoderm

cells interact with endometrial cells and
implantation occurs.
Blastocyst – When zygote divides to 32 cells it
Becomes known as a Blastocyst
IMPLANTATION/NIDATION/NESTING
 Implantation occurs in the endometrium of the
anterior or posterior wall of the body near the
fundus on the 6th day which corresponds,to the 20th
day of regular menstural cycle.

 IMPLANTATION occurs through four stages.

 Apposition
 Adhesion
 Penetration
 Invasion
Zygot e

Complete meiosis II
Morula – 16 cells

Blastocyst
• Inner cell mass
• Trophoblast
Stage 1: Implantation
apposition
4 days post-ovulation About
four days after fertilization,
the egg enters the uterine
cavity.

The blastocyst brushes

against the rich uterine
endometrium a process
termed apposition.
Stage 2: Implantation
fusion
The blastocyst
"hatches" around the
sixth day
The implantation site
becomes swollen with
new capillaries, and
blood circulation
begins
Stage 4 implantation invasion
Stage 3: Implantation
pentration

The inner cell mass

divides, rapidly forming a
two-layered disc. The
top layer of cells will
become the embryo and
amniotic cavity, while the
lower cells become the
yolk sac.
Placenta begins forming
Stage 4 implantation invasion
 The implantation process is completed by 10th
or 11th day.
 This type of deeper penetration of human
blastocyst is called as IMPLANTATION.
 Now the blastocyst is covered all sides by the
endometrium (DECIDUA).
• Decidualization : transformation of
The
secretory endometrium to decidua
decidua
• Depend on estrogen, progesterone and factors
secreted by the implanting blastocyst.
 Decidual Structure
• Decidua : 3
parts
1. Decidua Basalis

2. Decidua
Capsularis

3. Decidua Parietalis

Decidua Vera = D. Capsulais + D.

Parietalis
Fate of decidua:
• Decidua basalis shares in the
formation of placenta.
• Decidua capsularis and parietalis
fuse together and shedded with
placenta after delivery.
 Decidua
basalis
capsularis
Decidua basalis
Fuse
Decidua
parietalis d
deci
dua
parie
talis Uterine
Decidua
cavity
capsularis and
Development of placenta
3 sem 4 sem

10 sem 20 sem
 PLACENTA
Part Maternal: Decidua basalis

 Decidua: Endometrio del útero grávido

 Partes:
Basal: Debajo de la zona de
implantación ovular (polo embrionario)
Capsular: Recubre el huevo (polo
vegetativo) Parietal:
Tapiza el resto de la cavidad uterina
(se desintegra entre 5º-6º mes)
5 sem
8 sem
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© 2005 Elsevier
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© 2005 Elsevier
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 7 September 2009 03:45 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier
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© 2005 Elsevier
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 7 September 2009 03:45 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier
Placental
Function