Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Unit 2
Chemistry
Mrs. Webb
Section focus:
 How elementary particles of the atom
were discovered
 Protons determine the identity of an
element
 Existence of isotopes
 Calculations involving atomic masses
 Nuclear symbols
Atom:
The smallest particle of an element
that retains the properties of that
element
See section 4.3 in your “Basic
Chemistry” text for more
information on the atom
John Dalton
 “Father of Chemistry”
 Earned his living as a
teacher DALTON’S
 He studied weather
(atmospheric gases),
ATOMIC
aurora borealis, trade
winds, color blindness
THEORY
 Most important
contribution:
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
 All matter is  Atoms only
composed of atoms combine in small,
(indivisible whole number
particles). ratios. (LAW)

 The atoms of an  Atoms can be

element are neither created
identical in their nor destroyed.
masses. (LAW)
1. All matter is composed of atoms.

 An element is a chemical substance that can

not be decomposed further by chemical
means. Atoms are indivisible.
 These atoms maintain their identity through
all physical and chemical changes.
 Dalton never ruled out the possibility of
subatomic structure.
2. The atoms of an element are
identical in their masses.
 All atoms of the same element are alike
(in their properties).
 Atoms of any one element are different
from those of any other element.
 The idea that all atoms of a given element
weigh the same is known today to be
incorrect.
3. Atoms only combine in small,
whole number ratios.
 Chemical combination between 2 or
more atoms occurs in simple whole
number ratios (1 to 1 or 1 to 2)
 Substances always contain elements
in the same ratio by mass.
 This is known as the Law of Definite
Proportions
4. Atoms can be neither created
nor destroyed.
 Chemical reactions occur when atoms are
separated, joined, or rearranged.
 Atoms of one element are never changed
into atoms of another as a result of a
chemical reaction.
 This is the Law of Conservation of Mass
John Dalton “FIRSTS”:

1. First to be credited with determining

atomic weights.
2. The unit for atomic weight was called a
dalton for many years.
3. First to propose standard symbols for
the elements.
4. First to identify color-blindness. Even
today “daltonism” is used to describe
this problem.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/color+blindness?s=t
What we know to be true today:
Dalton said:
 All matter is composed of atoms
(indivisible particles).

Today we know that subatomic

particles exist (electrons, protons,
neutrons)
Dalton said:

 Theatoms of an element are

identical in their masses.

Today we know that isotopes exist.

Subatomic particles
 Electrons-  Neutrons-neutral
negatively charge, located in
charged, located the nucleus
outside the (isotopes)
nucleus in the
electron cloud
 Protons-positively
charged, located in
the nucleus
JJ Thomson
Cathode Ray Tube Experiment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9Goys
cbazk
The structure of the nuclear atom
JJ Thomson
 credited with discovering the
electron
 Cathode ray tube experiment
 Text p. 45
http://www.aip.org/history/electron/
Cathode Ray Experiment
 Flow of “energy” from the cathode to
the anode (away from the (-) toward
the (+))
 The “ray” was attracted toward the
(+) plate and was deflected away
from the (-) plate (magnet)
 Since opposites attract, Thomson decided
there were negatively charged particles in
the “ray” and thus in atoms
 Since matter carries a neutral charge, he
deduced that the structure of the atom is a
positively charged sphere with negative
charges “floating” around in it = “Plum
Pudding” model
What exactly did Thomson learn?
 When the metal used  Since a beam of
in the electrodes and electrons (cathode
the gas used in the rays) is deflected by
tube were changed, an electric field
the same results toward the positively
were evident. Thus, charged plate,
all atoms must electrons MUST have
contain electrons. a negative charge.
Rutherford’s
Gold Foil Experiment
Ernest Rutherford
 Credited with
discovering the
nucleus
 Gold Foil
Experiment
Gold Foil Experiment
 Alpha particles (positively charged) were
expected (according to the then current
theory of Dalton) to go through the atoms
of gold foil
 Instead some were deflected at very large
angles
 Evidence of a concentrated mass of
positive charge located in the center of
the atom
Perspective
If the atom was the size of football stadium,
the nucleus would be a small marble or
pea in the center of that stadium.

Remember that most of the mass of the

atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
A human hair is about a million atoms wide!
Bohr Model of the atom
Electrons travel in fixed PLANETARY
paths around the nucleus MODEL
like planets around the
sun.
 Bohr Model of the atom
Main Points of the Bohr Model PLANETARY
•Electrons orbit the nucleus in MODEL
orbits that have a set size and
energy.
•The energy of the orbit is related
to its size. The lowest energy is
found in the smallest orbit.
•Radiation is absorbed or
emitted when an electron moves
from one orbit to another. This
“movement from one orbit to
another” is called a QUANTUM
JUMP
 Schrödinger model of the atom
 Used mathematical equations to
describe the probability of finding an
electron in a certain position (1926)
 QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
 Different from Bohr:
 Does not define the exact path of an
electron
 Nucleus is surrounded by an electron
cloud
James Chadwick
 1932 discovered the neutron
 Why is this important? The discovery of
the neutron led to the development of the
atomic bomb
 Manhattan Project
Atomic Number
 The number of protons in the nucleus
 Also the number of electrons in a
neutral atom
 Located just above the element
symbol on the PT (whole number)
 Elements are listed on the PT
according to their atomic number
increasing from left to right
It is the protons (indicated by the
atomic number) that determine
the chemical and physical
properties of an element
Atomic Number continued
 Every oxygen atom has an atomic
number of 8 meaning that it has 8
protons in its nucleus.
 Atoms are electrically neutral so if
oxygen atoms have 8 protons in their
nucleus, they must have 8 electrons
in the electron cloud.
Mass Number
 Mass number = protons + neutrons
 # of neutrons = mass number –
atomic number (protons)
Atom: Ion:
electrically neutral charged particle
protons = electrons protons ≠ electrons
If an ion has a If an ion has a
(negative) – (positive) + charge,
charge, it has extra it has extra protons
electrons (has (has lost electrons)
gained electrons)
Try these:
 How many protons and electrons does
the barium ion have (Ba2+)
protons = atomic number = 56
electrons: before it became an ion it
had 56 protons, then it LOST two (hence
the 2+ charge) so…. 56-2= 54
Try these:
 How many protons and electrons does
the bromine ion have (Br1-)
protons = atomic number = 35
electrons: before it became an ion it
had 35 protons, then it GAINED one
(hence the 1- charge) so…. 35+1= 36
 Remember:
 Atoms only gain or So the charge of an
lose ELECTRONS, ion comes from
 they do not gain or  losing electrons
lose protons (POSITIVE)
 gaining electrons
(NEGATIVE)
Remember:
**When atoms gain
or lose electrons
they become ions!
Atomic Mass
 THE RED NUMBER!
 Average weight of all
the isotopes of that
element (AMU)
 ALSO mass of one
mole (g/mole)
 Nuclear Symbols (Nuclide)
A
X
Z
 A = mass number = sum of protons and
neutrons in nucleus
 Z = atomic number = # of protons
 A – Z = number of neutrons
Examples:
80
Br A – Z = (80 – 35) = 45 neutrons
35

Z = 35 protons and 35
electrons
For Ions (charged particles):
40
K+1
19
 Solve for # of protons and electrons
as if neutral atom.
 Adjust # of electrons by:
 Increase # of electrons for a negative
ion
 Decrease # of electrons for a positive
ion

 REMEMBER! The charge on the

atom is a result in the change in the
number of electrons, NOT protons.
Example:
40
K+1
19
A – Z = 40 - 19 = 21 neutrons
19 protons (# of protons can not change)
19 electrons – 1 = 18 electrons
Net charge of +1
Example:
32
P-3
15
A – Z = 32 – 15 = 17 neutrons
15 protons
15 electrons + 3 = 18 electrons
Net charge of -3
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element that have
different numbers of neutrons.
 Protons are the SAME
 Chemical and physical properties
are the SAME
 Neutrons are different so mass is
different
 Isotope
 Element that has
SAME protons
DIFFERENT neutrons
 So it weighs more/less
than other atoms of the
same element!!
Isotopic notation
 Hydrogen – 2
 Write the name of the element, a hyphen,
then the mass number
Example of isotopes:
Hydrogen has 3 naturally occurring isotopes:

 Hydrogen-1 (HYDROGEN) has 1 proton and

no neutrons
 Hydrogen-2 (DEUTERIUM) has 1 proton and
1 neutron and is called deuterium
 Hydrogen-3 (TRITIUM) has 1 proton and 2
neutrons and is called tritium
Wrap up:
1. What is the atomic number of carbon?
2. How many neutrons does 4320Ca have?
3. How many electrons does an ion of chlorine
have (atomic # 17) if it has a -1 charge?
4. What is the atomic mass of copper (Cu) #29?
(include units)
5. Write the nuclide symbol for an atom of
phosphorous that has 16 neutrons.
Atomic Mass
 Number located just below the
chemical symbol on the PT
 Not usually a whole number
 Isotopes of the same element have
different atomic masses (and
therefore have different mass
numbers)
AMU = atomic mass unit
 Protons and neutrons weigh 1 amu
 Electrons = negligible!

Neutron = 1.6749286*10-27 kg
Proton = 1.6726231*10-27 kg
Electron = 9.1093897*10-31 kg

 Decimal # under element symbol is the mass of

the element in amu’s
 Is usually an AVERAGE of all isotopes
Properties of Subatomic Particles
particle Symbol location Approx. Actual mass (kg)
relative
mass Do not need to
(amu) know mass
Proton p nucleus 1 1.67 x 10-27
p+
1
1 H
Neutron n nucleus 1 1.67 x 10-27
n0
1
0 n
Electron e- outside 1/1840 9.11 x 10 –31

–1
0 e
Atomic Mass continued
 The average atomic mass listed
on the PT reflects the mass and
the relative amount (abundance)
of each isotope as it occurs in
nature.
Average atomic mass and
Mass number are related
 Lets look at how mass number reflects
what is inside the nucleus
Average atomic mass and
Mass number are related
 Lets look at how mass number reflects
what is inside the nucleus
Average atomic mass and
Mass number are related
 Lets look at how mass number reflects
what is inside the nucleus
Average Atomic Mass
 How do we get this number??
Calculating Atomic Mass
Use of a mass spectrometer
“machine” that
compares mass of
atom to the standard
mass of C-12
This instrument is able
to measure
Avogadro’s # (#
atoms in 12 g of C-12)
Obtaining Atomic Mass
using a Mass Spec
Calculating Atomic Mass
 Isotopes of the same element have
different atomic masses (and therefore
have different mass numbers = A)
 Isotopes: mass number is written after
the name of the element and connected
with a hyphen
Average atomic mass:
 Not a whole number because most
elements in nature occur as a
mixture of isotopes
 Average atomic mass reflects mass
and relative abundance of each
isotope as it occurs in nature
Calculating Atomic Mass
from Isotopic Mass and Fractional Abundance

 What TWO factors do we take into

account when we calculate an
average test score?
To calculate:
 Multiply the mass of each isotope
by the % abundance
 Add the products
 Divide your final answer by 100 and
you will get the atomic mass (red
number) for that element
Example:
Problem: An element has 4 naturally
occurring isotopes. This isotope
contains 1.45% of an isotope with
203.973 amu, and 23.6% with
205.9745 amu, 22.6% with 206.9759
amu and 52.3% with 207.9766 amu.
What is the atomic weight of this
element?
Solution:
abundance Mass (amu)
1.45 % x 203.973 = 296
23.6 % x 205.9745 = 4860
22.6 % x 206.9759 = 4680
52.3 % x 207.9766 = 10900
20700 / 100 = 207 amu
Your turn:
Strontium consists of four isotopes
with masses of 83.9134 amu
(0.5%), 85.9094 amu (9.9%),
86.9098 amu (7.0%), and 87.9056
amu (82.6%). Calculate the atomic
mass of strontium.
Solution:
abundance Mass (amu)
0.5% x 83.9134 = 400
9.9 % x 85.9094 = 850
7.0 % x 86.9098 = 610
82.6 % x 87.9056 = 7260
8760 / 100 = 87.6 amu
Quick review…
 Dalton,Thomson, Rutherford,
Bohr, Schrödinger
 Atomic number, mass number,
atomic mass