Quiz

Which of the following is not part of communication media

1. Communication link
2. Network Adapter
3. Routers
4. Host Machine
 Exchange Messages (Format)
Human <-> Nodes

Act on them (Rule)

 Quiz
Which of the following are LAN protocols

1. 802.16
2. Ethernet
3. 802.11
4. Bluetooth

A. 3 & 4 C. 1 & 3
B. 2 & 3 D. 1 & 2
Eg.: Postal System
1. Regular post
2. Speed post / courier
1 Mbps = 106 bits / sec ------throughput
 Example of Bandwidth

t=0 t =1 t=2

A put 1st bit B receives 1st bit B receives

on network last bit

Network
A B Transfer Throughput =

Receive Throughput =
 Quiz

What is the transfer throughput and receive throughput for

the following transmission?
If 20MB files needs to transfer from A to B.

t=0 t =4 t=8

A put 1st bit B receives 1st bit B receives

on network last bit

A. 30 & 50Mbps C. 20 & 40 Mbps

B. 50 & 70Mbps D. 40 & 60 Mbps
 Example of Delay

1000 B
A B
1 Mbps
S1 S2

S3

A S1 S2
Open System Interconnection (OSI)
Protocol Stack
 Challenges
• Complex System (CN)
• Many users (Billions)
• Need to be scalable
• Large reach (World Wide)
• Many user requirements
• Reliable, express, cheap, interactive (real time)
multicast
• Heterogeneous Technology
• Ethernet, Wireless, Bluetooth, WiFi, Cellular
• Need to be scalable
 Quiz

The first ARPANET design in 1969 was having number of

nodes and link bandwidth as:

A. 15 nodes & 50 kbps C. 20 nodes & 50 kbps

B. 10 nodes & 10 Mbps D. 40 nodes & 15 Mbps
Inter-Layer Communication
 Quiz

Which among the following is a layer in the Internet

Protocol Stack

A. Meso C. Tropo

B. Strato D. Physical
How do you facilitate communication across
peers?
Physical Layer:
 Quiz

What is the role of the physical layer?

A. Provide reliability
B. Determine path of the message
C. Provide means to transfer bits
D. Complicate life of network engineer
Most of the functionality is in hardware
 Bit by Bit Delivery
• Components Node and Link

• Theory Spectrum of signal, Maximum data rate

• Data Transformation Convert bits to signals (Modulation)

• Encoding Transformation technique.

(line codes)
 Quiz

What is NOT the function of a node?

A. To generate data
B. To carry signal
C. To convert data to signal
Physical Layer: Theory
 Data Rate

For NRZ, the effective bandwidth is set to the first-null bandwidth

 Nyquist Limit for noiseless channel

• The maximum bit rate is given by Nyquist bit rate:

• Thus if ignoring noise, the maximum bit rate is:

C = 2B log2 L bits/sec

where C – Channel Capacity

B – B/W of the channel
L – Number of signal levels
So here comes Shannon…..
Shannon’s Capacity for Noisy channels
B

BC = 30kbps
 Numerical
1. A channel has B=4kHz. Determine the channel capacity for
each of the following signal-to-noise ratios
1. 20dB 2. 30dB 3. 40dB
 Numerical
2. A channel has B = 4kHz and signal-to-noise ratio of 30dB.
Determine maximum information rate for
1. 4 level encoding 2. 128 level encoding

Which data rate has to be taken Nyquist or Shannen capacity?

 Numerical

3. The digital signal is to be designed to permit 160 kbps for a

b/w of 20kHx. Determine
1. number of levels 2. S/N ratio
1. Nyquist Theorem for Noiseless channels
2. Shannon’s Capacity for Noisy channels
 Performance

 Bandwidth - capacity of the system

 Throughput - no. of bits that can be pushed through

 Latency (Delay) - delay incurred by a bit from start to finish

 Bandwidth-Delay Product
 Quiz
A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of
12,000 frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of 10,000
bits. What is the throughput of this network?

A. 5 Mbps C. 4 Mbps

B. 2 Mbps D. 8 Mbps
 Performance
A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of
12,000 frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of 10,000
bits. What is the throughput of this network?

Solution
We can calculate the throughput as

The throughput is almost one-fifth of the bandwidth in this case.

The bandwidth-delay product defines the
number of bits that can fill the link.
 Concept of bandwidth-delay product

• We can think about the link between two points as a pipe.

• The cross section of the pipe represents the bandwidth, and

the length of the pipe represents the delay.

• We can say the volume of the pipe defines the bandwidth-

delay product, as shown below
Filling the link with bits in case 1
Filling the link with bits in case 2

Bandwidth: 5 bps Delay: 5 s

Bandwidth x Delay = 25 bits
Physical Layer:
Modulation
 A

fc - δ
fc + δ

Cos(2 Π fc t + 180)
Decoding