EECKTC30 Week 13

Compiled by: Engr. AJ Exito

2T1920

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AC Waveform
Fundamentals

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AC Waveform
• A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.
• A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating current (ac).
Such current reverse at regular time intervals and has alternately
positive and negative values.

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AC Waveform – Advantage over DC
• Nature itself is characteristically sinusoidal.
• A sinusoidal is easy to generate and transmit, and the dominant form
of signal in communications and power industries.
• Through Fourier analysis, any practical periodic signal can be
represented by a sum of sinusoids.
• A sinusoid is easy to handle mathematically since the derivative and
integral of a sinusoid are themselves sinusoids.

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AC Waveform

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AC Waveform
The period, T, is the time of one complete cycle or the number of seconds per full cycle. The
reciprocal of this is known as the cyclic frequency, f, of the sinusoid measured in hertz (Hz).

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AC Waveform
A more general expression for a sinusoid:

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AC Waveform
Trigonometric identities useful:

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Example 1

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Example 2

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Phasors

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Phasors
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and
phase of a sinusoid.
• They can be written in rectangular, polar or exponential form:
• Where r is the magnitude of z, and φ is the phase of z.

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Phasors

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Phasors

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Example 3

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Example 4

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Circuit Elements in AC

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RLC in AC Circuits

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RLC in AC Circuits

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Example 5

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Example 6

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Impedance
• The impedance (Z) of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage V to
the phasor current I, measured in ohms.

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Admittance

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Impedance

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Example 7
• Find v(t) and i(t)

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Impedance Combination

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Example 8

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END