DIABETES

De Dios, Bernadette
Pascual, Denisse Viña T.
Caregiving Batch 4 – Grp. 1
Diabetes
a disease that occurs when your
blood glucose, also called
blood sugar, is too high.
How does this happen?

• Glucose enters the bloodstream, from food we eat. This is later used for
fuel in the body. Our pancreas located near the stomach makes insulin,
which plays a role in moving glucose to muscles, liver cells, and fat.

• The pancreas then fails to make enough insulin or the muscle or…
• Fat or liver cells fail to respond to the insulin properly
• As a result, our body’s cells are starving for energy and
• over time, high blood glucose levels change our overall
• health damaging the kidney, heart, eyes, and nerves.
PANCREAS
• Pancreas secretes 40-50 units of insulin daily in two steps:
• – Secreted at low levels during fasting ( basal insulin
• secretion)
• – Increased levels after eating (prandial)
• – An early burst of insulin occurs within 10 minutes of eating
• – Then proceeds with increasing release as long as
hyperglycemia is present
PANCREAS
• Both exocrine and endocrine functions
• long, thin delicate organ
• pinkish gray, glandular

– Exocrine function - associated with digestion

• digestive enzyme and bicarbonate secretions

– Endocrine function
• Produces hormones
Diabetes
Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes Mellitus

• characterized by the inability • also closely related to a

of kidneys to conserve water hormone — insulin.
when they purify blood. This • It is caused by either a
can be either because of: deficiency of insulin or a
– a deficiency of ADH resistance to insulin, or both.
(antidiuretic hormone or
vasopressin), or
– a failure of the kidneys to
respond to ADH
Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus Type I

• usually diagnosed in childhood

• affected by hereditary
• sometimes there are no symptoms
• mperative to inject insulin daily because
the body makes little or no insulin
• frequently called the ‘insulin-needed’ group
• Patients with type 1 diabetes need insulin
• daily to survive
Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus Type II

• most common
• usually occurs in adulthood but diagnosis
is increasing in the younger generation
• affects many children
• Body is incapable of responding to insulin
• Rates rising due to increased obesity
and failure to exercise and eat healthy
Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational Diabetes

• blood sugar levels are high during

pregnancy in women
• Women who give birth to children
over 9 lbs.
• high risk of type 2 diabetes and
cardiovascular disease
Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Pre-diabetes
• above average blood glucose levels,
not high enough to be classified
• under type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• long-term damage to body, including
heart and circulatory system
• Starts with unhealthy eating habits
& inadequate exercise
TRANSMISSION
• Genetically (type 1 diabetes, pre-diabetes, gestational)
• Can develop due to poor diet & inadequate exercise (pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes,
• gestational diabetes)
• Develops due to following factors:
– Overweight
– High blood pressure
– High cholesterol
– Family history of diabetes
– African-American, Asian-American, Latino, Hispanic-American, Native
American ethnicity
– Family history of gestational diabetes
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
• Fasting Blood Sugar
• Random Blood Sugar
• Hemoglobin A1c
• Oral Glucose Challenge Test
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
• 2-hour Post-Prandial Test
• Urinalysis
TREATMENT
• Unfortunately, there is not yet a cure for diabetes
• BUT DON’T GIVE UP HOPE! There are always new facts anD
discoveries being made every day.
• Doctors are providing treatment that can lower symptoms of
diabetes of all types, which can reduce pain.
• By following a good diet and exercise plan, body may be able
• to use insulin minimally, or none at all in cases besides type 1
• There is also RESEARCH being done on “islet” transplantation
• **This can be seen on the next slide
ISLET TRANSPLANTATION
INTERVENTION

• Prevention all starts with a better lifestyle

• Prepare healthier meals
• Help the patient be in shape by being active
• Help the patient take medicine as directed
• Check feet to make sure there is no nerve damage or interruption of
blood flow
• Check blood pressure
• Check blood sugar levels daily by using home monitoring device
PREVENTION
• Prevention all starts with a better lifestyle
– eating healthier
– being active
– taking care of your body
– control blood pressure, sugar and cholesterol
– no smoking!
– check in with your doctor at least once a month
– have your blood sugar checked along with weight, blood
pressure, and feelings
Remember to take control
of your life!
Don’t let Diabetes control
you!