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APA Style - References, Citations, & Scientific Writing
APA Style - References, Citations, & Scientific Writing
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GENERAL INFO
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What is the APA?
• American Psychological
Association
– scientific professional organization
that represents psychology in the U.S.
• apa.org
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APA Style: General Guidelines
• Times New Roman, 10-12
pt. font
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Page Headers
• Included at the top of EVERY page
– Insert page numbers flush right
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Instructions for Running Head in
MSWord
• Document needs at least two pages
• Click on “Insert”
– Select “Page number”, “Top of Page”
– Choose the one that puts number on right side
– Type "Running head: YOUR SHORTENED TITLE"
(without the quotes).
– Push tab so that Running Head moves to far left
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Scientific Writing
Scientific writing is:
• clear: be specific in
descriptions and
explanations
• concise: condense
information when you can
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General Grammar Issues
• Do NOT use contractions
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General Grammar Issues
• Never use words such as “perhaps”,
“maybe”.....Instead, you could say “one
possible reason is…”, “one potential problem
is…”
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml
How to paraphrase?
• Paraphrase = restatement of somebody else’s
ideas in your own words
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Citations
• Citing source = way to credit
author
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Citations:
• 3-5 authors:
– 1st citation provide all names:
• (Tool, Behall, & Smitty, 2008)
– Then, use et al.
• (Tool, et al., 2008)
• If 6 or more:
– Use et al.
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Citations
• Can also cite within content of
sentence:
– According to Ray (2009), there are five tasks
you must accomplish to…
• Direct quotation:
– Use quotation marks
– Include page number
• (Ray, 2009, p. 265)
– Only ONE direct quote in entire
proposal!
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REFERENCES
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Reference Page
• ALL citations in manuscript
MUST be listed on reference
page
• Double-space
References: Journal Article
Last name, First name initial. Middle name
initial. (year). Title of paper. Name of
Journal, volume number(issue number),
pages.
Example:
Kliewer, W. (1993). Social competence and coping
among children of divorce. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 63(2), 432-440.
References: Journal Article
Last name, First name initial. Middle name
initial. (year). Title of paper. Name of
Journal, volume number(issue number),
pages.
Notes:
• Won’t always have middle initial or issue number
• Only capitalize first letter in article title.
• Capitalize all essential words in journal title
References: Journal Article
• With 2 to 7 authors, use commas to
separate authors and an “&” instead of
the word “and” before the last author’s
name
Example:
Chomsky, N. I., Halle, M., & Harris, Z. (1960). Toward a
generative model of Pig Latin syntax. Pigology:
Current Issues in Pig Latin Research, 26(2), 247-
289.
References: Journal Article
• More than 7 authors, see below
Example:
Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A.,
Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009).
Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user.
Technical Communication, 57, 323-335.
Helpful Websites
APA Format:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl
/resource/560/01/
http://apastyle.org
Plagiarism Info:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl
/resource/589/01/