MAJOR PROJECT

SHAPE OPTIMISATION OF HUMAN

PROSTHETICS USING FEM
(TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT)

Submitted by:
UNDER GUIDANCE :

SHIVAM MISHRA - 1508260

PROF. SUKINDERPAL SINGH UPINDER SINGH - 1508213
Dept. Mechanical Engineering VIKRAMJIT SINGH - 1508218
SUBHAM KUMAR - 1508196

GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE, LUDHIANA

 INTRODUCTION
 The increase of knowledge in all areas of research
forms the premises for an increase in the life
expectancy of the population as well as the quality of
life.
 Prosthetics is an artificial device that replaces a missing
body part, which may be lost through trauma, disease,
or congenital conditions.
 TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT JOINT
 The increase of life expectancy are achieved through efficient
medical care to meet the main objectives of improving and
ensuring an adequate mobility for performing daily tasks .
 For this maximum mobility the hip joint is a major structure
within the human body, it supports most of the upper body
weight.
 The hip joints are connecting the torso to the legs and, the weight
of the upper body and decrease the impulsion loading from lower
body to the upper body.
 Total Hip Replacement [THR] is a surgical procedure that consists
in the reconstruction of the hip joint, in particular the acetabulum
is substituted by a cup fixed to the basin while the femur head is
removed and replaced by a spherical head and a stem fixed in the
femur.
 FAILURES OF HIP JOINT

1. LOOSENING OF IMPLANT
 Statistical data show that out of the total number of hip replacement procedures about 10% will have to be revised
before their expected service life, due to complications caused by stress concentration on femur ball head and ball
head is mounted on a metallic stem by frictional fitting, and the system is then pivoted on the accetabule cups.
 The possible causes to failure, improper assembly and contamination of the contact surfaces between the stem and the
taper-borehole of a femoral ball head during surgery are reportedly significant.
 While these causes are, to some extent, unavoidable, the mechanical reliability of the ball heads has to be continuously
raised by increasing the strength of component itself. One way to improve this is to optimize the design of the femoral
heads.
 FAILURES OF HIP JOINT

2. FRACTURE OF IMPLANTS
• Most common reason for revisions were fracture of stems which contributed almost 54% of the revisions.
• In a survey performed in 2007 in Sweden around 64% of all the revisions were due to the fracture of stem.
• The most common reason for failure of stem is due to the stress shielding.
• When stiffer stem is introduced in the canal it share the load carrying capacity with the bone. Originally the load is
carried by the bone but now it is carried by the implant and bone.
 OBJECTIVE
1. To study the stress distributions in the femoral heads, by analyzing both the existing taper-borehole
shapes and some new designs to understand the effect of borehole shapes on the variation of stresses by
using Finite Element Method and hence propose the design for improving the mechanical reliability of the
femoral heads.
2. Design the stem to reduce stress shielding (decreasing the stem stiffness would be expected to increase
the load transfer).
 PRESENT WORK
 As design parameters for hip joint prosthesis vary from people to
people for there nationality, age groups, canal flare index and
body type so we designed different type of hip joint prosthesis
design prepared using SOLIDWORKS and CATIA with variations in
there stem design, neck angle and neck axis distance.
 Currently performing stress analysis on our designs to identify the
area of improvement and to optimize both the shape of stem as
well as stem-neck, thus reducing the localized stress concentration
and consequently increasing the strength of the prosthesis using
ANSYS software.
 PROCEDURE TO DESING AND ANALYSE

 Research papers, international journals were explored to find the dimensions as well as geometry of the
prosthesis. Further, references were taken from the renowned prosthesis manufacturer “KYOCERA” .

 Reference of Load values and boundary conditions are taken from research papers having the data of gait
analysis performed using load cells and also from ISO-7206-4 standard, which is a standardised procedure to
analyse the strength of the implant.

 ANSYS and HyperWorks software are currently being used to simulate the structure and eventually to
optimise the shape of the implant.

 Consultation from Dr. Daljinder singh (ortho) in order to validate the collected data.
PREPARED DESIGNS
 COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING

MESHING
Method used for Meshing:
•Surfaces are extracted from the solid body.
•2-D meshing is carried out on the outer surfaces of
the geometry with the default mesh size.
•Quality checks for triangular element is carried out.
•Further Tria mesh elements are converted into Tetra
mesh elements.
•Again Quality check for tetra elements are carried
and mesh quality are improved for the improper
elements.
•Free Free Run or Static Analysis with dummy BC’s
are carried to get a mesh convergence curve.
•Best size of elements are then decided to get the
optimized result .
 Tria to Tetra Conversion
Quality Checks Parameters used for Tria
Advancing Front Algorithm
element:
It is used for conversion for Tria to Tetra. It is very Min. Tria angle >15 degree
powerful and most commonly used algorithm. Max. Triangle angle <120 degree

This algorithm provide following two options for tria Jacobian >0.6

to tetra conversion: zero free edges, no T-connection.

1) Floating Trias: Used for meshing general parts Quality Checks Parameters used for Tria
the component. element:
Tet Collapse >0.1
2) Fixed Trias: Used for meshing parts with high
stretch >0.2
stress areas.
Jacobian and distortion >0.5
Volumetric Skew <0.7
 Modular design can be made in order to ease up surgeon’s work, such that he would have plenty of
parameters to adjust the geometry of prosthesis during the time of surgery, hence tailored
approach can proved to be advantageous for both surgeon as well as patient.
 REFERENCES
 https://www.kyocera-medical.com/2011/09/a400-sizes-and-specs/
 file:///F:/total%20hip%20replacement/hussam_el-din_f._el-
shie_20120702104151.pdf
 file:///F:/total%20hip%20replacement/Standardized%20Loads%20Acting%20in%2
0Hip%20Implants.html
 file:///F:/total%20hip%20replacement/Basic%20Science%20Considerations%20in%
20Primary%20Total%20Hip%20Replacement%20Arthroplasty.html
 file:///F:/total%20hip%20replacement/Does%20Choice%20of%20Head%20Size%2
0and%20Neck%20Geometry%20Affect%20Stem%20Migration%20in%20Modular%
20Large-Diameter%20Metal-on-
Metal%20Total%20Hip%20Arthroplasty_%20A%20Preliminary%20Analysis.html
 file:///F:/total%20hip%20replacement/shieh2012.pdf