Introduction to Operating

Systems
A computer system has many resources (hardware and software),
which may be require to complete a task. The commonly required
resources are input/output devices, memory, file storage space, CPU
etc. The operating system acts as a manager of the above resources
and allocates them to specific programs and users, whenever necessary
to perform a particular task. Therefore operating system is the resource
manager i.e. it can manage the resource of a computer system
internally. The resources are processor, memory, files, and I/O
devices. In simple terms, an operating system is the interface
between the user and the machine.
Two Views of Operating System

• User's View

• System View
Operating System: User View

The user view of the computer refers to the interface being used. Such
systems are designed for one user to monopolize its resources, to
maximize the work that the user is performing. In these cases, the
operating system is designed mostly for ease of use, with some
attention paid to performance, and none paid to resource utilization.
Operating System: System View

Operating system can be viewed as a resource allocator also. A

computer system consists of many resources like - hardware and
software - that must be managed efficiently. The operating system acts
as the manager of the resources, decides between conflicting requests,
controls execution of programs etc.
Operating System Management Tasks

1. Processor management which involves putting the tasks into order and
pairing them into manageable size before they go to the CPU.
2. Memory management which coordinates data to and from RAM (random-
access memory) and determines the necessity for virtual memory.
3. Device management which provides interface between connected
devices.
4. Storage management which directs permanent data storage.
5. Application which allows standard communication between software and
your computer.
6. User interface which allows you to communicate with your computer.
Functions of Operating System

• It boots the computer

• It performs basic computer tasks e.g. managing the various peripheral
devices e.g. mouse, keyboard
• It provides a user interface, e.g. command line, graphical user interface
(GUI)
• It handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the
central processing unit(CPU) time by various applications or peripheral
devices.
• It provides file management which refers to the way that the operating
system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data.
• Error Handling is done by the operating system. It takes preventive
measures whenever required to avoid errors.
Evolution of Operating Systems

The evolution of operating systems is directly dependent on the development of

computer systems and how users use them. Here is a quick tour of computing
systems through the past fifty years in the timeline.

Early Evolution
• 1945: ENIAC, Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania.
• 1949: EDSAC and EDVAC
• 1949: BINAC - a successor to the ENIAC
• 1951: UNIVAC by Remington
• 1952: IBM 701
• 1956: The interrupt
• 1954-1957: FORTRAN was developed
1945: ENIAC
ENIAC (/ˈɛniæk/;
Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) was the first electronic
general-purpose digital computer. It was
Turing-complete, and able to solve "a
large class of numerical problems"
through reprogramming.
Eniac made of?
Filling up a 30 X 50 foot
room, ENIAC was made of 17, 468
vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, and
10,000 capacitors -- not to mention all
those lights and switches. Most
importantly, the metal giant could add
5,000 numbers in a single second.
1949: EDSAC and EDVAC
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest
electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor
the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal,
and was a stored program machine.
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British
computer.
When was Edsac invented?
1949
Short for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator, EDSAC is an early British
computer considered to be the second
stored program electronic computer.
1949: BINAC - a
successor to the
ENIAC

Eckert and Mauchly started

the Eckert-Mauchly Computer
Corporation in 1946. A few
years later in 1949, they
produced the successor to
the ENIAC: The BINAC (Binary
Automatic Computer).
1951: UNIVAC by
Remington
On June 14, 1951, Remington Rand
delivered its first
computer, UNIVAC I, to the U.S.
Census Bureau. It weighed 16,000
pounds, used 5,000 vacuum tubes,
and could perform about 1,000
calculations per second. On
November 4, 1952,
the UNIVAC achieved national fame
when it correctly predicted Dwight
D.
1952: IBM 701
The IBM 701 Electronic Data
Processing Machine, known
as the Defense Calculator
while in development, was
IBM's first commercial
scientific computer, which
was announced to the public
on April 29, 1952.
1956: The interrupt
The interrupt system was put into operation in February 1956. Turner
was the Chief of the Mechanized Computation and Analysis Branch at
Lewis at the time of publication, and Rawlings was Head of Computer
Engineering at Lewis.
1954-1957: FORTRAN was developed

FORTRAN (or formula translation) was the first high-level programming

language (software) invented by John Backus for IBM in 1954, released
commercially in 1957. Fortran is still used today for programming
scientific and mathematical applications.Feb 23, 2019

Language Designers: John Backus

Inventor: IBM
Operating Systems - Late 1950s
Operating Systems - In 1960s
Supported OS Features by 1970s
• Multi User and Multi tasking was introduced.
• Dynamic address translation hardware and Virtual machines came
into picture.
• Modular architectures came into existence.
• Personal, interactive systems came into existence.
Accomplishments after 1970
• 1971: Intel announces the microprocessor
• 1972: IBM comes out with VM: the Virtual Machine Operating System
• 1973: UNIX 4th Edition is published
• 1973: Ethernet
• 1974 The Personal Computer Age begins
• 1974: Gates and Allen wrote BASIC for the Altair
• 1976: Apple II
• August 12, 1981: IBM introduces the IBM PC
Accomplishments after 1970
• 1983 Microsoft begins work on MS-Windows
• 1984 Apple Macintosh comes out
• 1990 Microsoft Windows 3.0 comes out
• 1991 GNU/Linux
• 1992 The first Windows virus comes out
• 1993 Windows NT
• 2007: iOS
• 2008: Android OS
• And as the research and development work continues, we are seeing
new operating systems being developed and existing ones getting
improved and modified to enhance the overall user experience,
making operating systems fast and efficient like never before.
• Also, with the onset of new devies like wearables, which
includes, Smart Watches, Smart Glasses, VR gears etc, the demand
for unconventional operating systems is also rising.