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UNEMPLOYMENT
Lecture Outline
– Rivalries may also exist between different unions to secure better pay
for their workers-this may lead to competitive bidding for better pay.
slide 42
The costs of expected inflation:
3. relative price distortions
• Firms facing menu costs change prices
infrequently.
• Example:
Suppose a firm issues new catalog each
January. As the general price level rises
throughout the year, the firm’s relative price
will fall.
• Different firms change their prices at different
times, leading to relative price distortions…
• …which cause microeconomic inefficiencies
in the allocation of resources.
slide 43
The costs of expected inflation:
4. unfair tax treatment
Some taxes are not adjusted to account for
inflation, such as the capital gains tax.
Example:
Jan 1: you bought $10,000 worth of
Starbucks stock
Dec 31: you sold the stock for $11,000,
so your nominal capital gain was $1000
(10%).
Suppose = 10% during the year.
Your real capital gain is $0.
But the govt requires you to pay taxes on
slide 44
The costs of expected inflation:
5. General inconvenience
• Inflation makes it harder to compare
nominal values from different time
periods.
• This complicates long-range financial
planning.
slide 45
Effects of Inflation
• The costs of anticipated inflation are:
– other transactions costs
– decrease in potential GDP
– decrease in the long-term growth rate.
• These costs have been estimated to be
very high, even for a modest inflation.
• The main problem is that taxes on capital
income a seriously distorted by inflation.
Effects of Inflation
• Unanticipated inflation can cause the
following problems:
– redistribute income between firms and
workers