Laws of electromagnetic

Induction
 Electromagnetic induction.
• An
electromagnetically
S N N
induced emf is S
generated when the
magnet moves towards
the solenoid.
 Electromagnetic induction.
• An
electromagnetically
S N S
induced emf is N
generated when the
magnet moves away
from the solenoid.
• What is different?
 Electromagnetic induction.
• An electromagnetically induced
emf is generated when the
magnet moves away from the S N
solenoid. S N
• What is different?
• Answers:
• The emf has reversed direction.
• The polarity of the
electromagnet has reversed.
 Lenz’s Law.
• An
electromagnetically S
S N N
induced emf will act to
oppose the change
which caused the emf. G
 Lenz’s Law.
• An
electromagnetically
S N N S
induced emf will act to
oppose the change
which caused the emf. G
• Q. What is the
direction of the current
in the solenoid? Label
the direction.
 Lenz’s Law.
• An • Answer
electromagnetically
S N N S
induced emf will act to
oppose the change
which caused the emf. G
• Q. What is the
direction of the current
in the solenoid? Label
the direction.
 Lenz’s Law.
• An
electromagnetically
N S N S
induced emf will act to
oppose the change
which caused the emf. G
Any conductor moving perpendicular to
magnetic field lines will generate an emf
+
B is into the
screen.

The conductor
moves this way

-
The conductor is said to ‘cut’ the lines of
magnetic flux.
+
B is into the
screen.

The conductor
moves this way

-
 The conductor can ‘cut’ the lines of
magnetic flux only if a component of the
motion is perpendicular to the lines of
+ flux.
B is into the
screen.

The conductor
moves this way

-
Fleming’s right hand rule shows the direction
of conventional current in the conductor.
+
External
circuit

The conductor
I moves this way

-
 Size of emf = Blv(A proof)

l metres v m/s

x metres
 A conductor is pushed along
conducting rails that are l metres
apart.

l metres v m/s

x metres
The conductor has a uniform velocity
of v m/s

l metres v m/s

x metres
B= The magnetic field strength of the
field perpendicular to the screen.

l metres v m/s

x metres
 An emf, E, is generated while the
conductor cuts the lines of magnetic
flux.

I l metres v m/s
amps

x metres
 The emf genrates a current , I, in the
conductor and rails.

I l metres v m/s
amps

x metres
 The electrical power generated
=P= IE Watts.

I l metres v m/s
amps

x metres
 IE Watts is generated by the force
that pushes the conductor x metres
along the rails in t seconds

I l metres v m/s
amps

x metres
 Lenz’s law tells us that the current, I,
feels a force, F opposite to the
imposed force.

I l metres v m/s
F
amps

x metres
 The work done to maintain uniform
velocity = F x Joules

I l metres v m/s
F
amps

x metres
 The power used to maintain uniform
velocity = Fv Watts.

I l metres v m/s
F
amps

x metres
 But, F  BIl

I l metres v m/s
F
amps

x metres
 Therefore, Power used = Fv  BIlv

I l metres v m/s
F
amps

x metres
 Therefore, EI  BIlv

I l metres v m/s
F
amps

x metres
 Therefore, E= Blv.

i l metres v m/s
F
amps

x metres
 Magnetic Flux is defined as BA
Webers if B is perpendicular to Area.

I l metres v m/s
F
amps

Area swept out

x metres by the conductor
in t seconds
= l x =A (m2)
 BA lx
 B  Blv
t t t

i l metres v m/s
F
amps

Area swept out

x metres by the conductor
in t seconds
= l x = A (m2)
 E = Blv example
BH= 1.7 x10-5 Tesla, N to S.

The lorry is travelling at 30 m/s

due east.
What is the emf generated
between the top and bottom of
the lorry?
4.0
metres
E = Blv= 1.7 x10-5 x4.0x30 = 204x10-5
=2.0 mv
BH= 1.7 x10-5 Tesla, N to S.

The lorry is travelling at 30 m/s

due east.
What is the emf generated
between the top and bottom of
the lorry?
4.0
metres
 Wilelm Eduard Weber
• Born
• 24, October, 1804
• Died
• 23, January, 1891
(aged 86)
Magnetic flux and Flux Linkage.
Flux is defined by Flux = BA in Webers
if B is perpendicular to A.
The symbol is 
Thus  =BA Webers.
Flux linkage is defined as N  and is measured in
Weber Turns.
Thus Flux linkage = BAN where B and A are
perpendicular to each other.
 Hence, the same result for the size of of E = Blv
is got if E  
t

i l metres v m/s
F
amps

Area swept out

x metres by the conductor
in t seconds
= l x = A (m2)
 This is consistent with Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction.
E is proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkage.

i l metres A v m/s
F
amps

Area swept out

x metres by the conductor
in t seconds
 E is proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkage. N 
E
t

i l metres v m/s
F
amps

x metres
N = 1 for this
case.
 Faraday’s Law of
electromagnetic induction
N 
E
t

Coil of wire with N

turns of equal area.
B

E volts
 Faraday’s Law of
electromagnetic induction
N 
E
t
Flux linkage is defined as.

N
Flux linkage is measured in Weber turns.
 Faraday’s Law of
electromagnetic induction
N 
E
t

In the SI system of units, the constant of

proportionality is set at 1.
Therefore,

N 
E
t
The minus sign is the result of
Lenz’s law.

In the SI system of units, the constant of

proportionality is set at 1.
Therefore,

N 
E
t
Example: A solenoid of 400 turns and
cross section area 5.0 x10-5
m2 has a field of strength 20
mT perpendicular to it’s
coils. The magnetic field is
turned off, falling to zero in
8.0 ms.
B = 20
Solenoid
mT.

N 
E
t
Example: B1 = 2.0 X10-2 T; B2 = 0.0 T
N= 400
A=5.0 x10-5 m2
Time interval =8.0 x10-3 s.

B = 20
Solenoid
mT.
 N BAN B
E      AN
t t t
2
5 (0  2.0 x10 )
 5.0 x10 x 400 x 3
8.0 x10
Solenoid

 E  0.050volts.
 This is an average emf. The emf
grows until it is high enough for the
energy stored by the magnetic field
inside the solenoid to be dissipated
as either electromagnetic radiation
or heat generated by an electrical
current or a bit of both.

Solenoid

 E  0.050volts.
B and A are often not perpendicular.
When they are not:

N  BANCos

Unit vector, perpendicular to

the area of the circular coils.
 Generating coils in a uniform
magnetic field.
B

The coil is
rotating about an Area = A m2. N = Number of turns.
axis perpendicular
Therefore, Flux linkage = BAN Cos θ
to the magnetic
field lines.
 θ = ωt radians
ω rad s-1

ω rad s-1
The coil is
rotating about an
axis perpendicular
to the magnetic
field lines.
 N BANCos Cos
E   BAN
t t t

The coil is
rotating about an Area = A m2. N = Number of turns.
axis perpendicular
Therefore, Flux linkage = BAN Cos θ
to the magnetic
field lines.
 Cos 
E  BAN   BAN Sin
t t

The coil is
rotating about an Area = A m2. N = Number of turns.
axis perpendicular
Therefore, Flux linkage = BAN Cos θ
to the magnetic
field lines.