THE CHALLENGES AND

RESPONSES OF THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY
The meaning and importance of a man’s task can
be understood and appreciated when viewed
within a time frame and its proper historical
context.
To better understand and appreciate the role of
Jose Rizal in the making of a Filipino nation, one
has to know the developments in the century
when he lived, the period when he worked.
 NINETEENTH
CENTURY
 Era of challenges and responses
 A period of major changes which affected
men and society
 6 IMPORTANT CHANGES IN
THE
19 TH CENTURY
1. Struggle for nationalism
2. Gradual spread of democracy
3. Modernization of living through the Industrial
Revolution
4. Advance of Science
5. March of Imperialism
6. New Current in the movement of thought and
growing confidence on progress
NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR
NATIONALISM
NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR
NATIONALISM

A feeling of oneness by a group of

people wo believe that they possess
common traditions, culture and common
ideals or goals.
 American Revolution (1775-1783)

Independence from Great Britain

French Revolution (1779-1789)

Overthrowing of absolutism
 HOW TO RUN THE
GOVERNMENT?

Country should be free from In the “good old days” when

domination and that a country monarchs and kings ruled over
should enjoy liberty, equality the subjects
and opportunity
 Greece became independent nation from the Turks
on 1830.
 Norwegians won their freedom from Swedes in
1905.
 Italy became a free and united nation through the
work of Camillo Cavour, Joseph Mazzini and Joseph
Garibaldi in 1861.
 Germany was united led by Iron Chancellor Otto
von Bismarck who adopted the policy of “blood
 1867
Simon Bolivar
“The
Liberator”
(Venezuela,
Colombia,
Bolivia and part of
Peru)

Jose San Martin

1800 - 1825 “The Liberator”
(Argentina, Chile
and part of Peru)
MEN FIGHT FOR
DEMOCRACY
Political ideas of the nineteenth
century
 EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION ARE MULTIFARIOUS
Series of changes in the industry:
a. From hand work to machine work
b. Domestic system to the factory
system
BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN
1760
Manufacturing

 Spinning jenny
 Spinning frame
 Spinning
shuttle
 Cotton gin
 Sewing
machine
Transportation

 Steam boats
 Steam
locomotives
 Airplanes
 Automobiles
 Balloons
Communication

 Telephone
 Telegraph
 Wireless
telegraphy
 Cable
 Postal service
 Newspapers
 Establishment of factories
 Employment of thousands of workers
 Large scale production of manufacturing goods
 Commodities became cheaper
 Towns and cities grew
 Improved standard of living
 Division of labor practiced (capitalists and
laborers)
 Increase in population
 Advances in medical knowledge
and public hygiene
 Opening of more lands for
cultivation
and commercialization
 Increase in national income
 Encouraged migration
RESPONSES TO THE GROWING
SOCIAL PROBLEMS CREATED BY
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
LIBERALS

 Adopted the laissez-faire policy to stimulate the growth of factories

 Allow everybody to expand as much as he wished in his individual
enterprises
 Industrialists became powerful and rich
 Working men became poorer
 Unemployment and misery resulted
SOCIALISTS

 Government should own and manage the means of production

 Benefit of all and not only for a few individuals
 As long as the capitalists controlled the economic life of people, no
democracy
 Claude Henri, Francois Fourier and Robert Owen
COMMUNISTS

 Authored Communist Manifesto

 Earliest socialists that reforms could be achieved gradually and peacefully
through normal political methods and with compensation for the private
owners
 Only a violent revolution could improved the lot of workingmen
 Advocated
 abolition of private property in land
 centralization of all means of production in the hands of the state
 abolition of all rights of inheritance
 Confiscation of the property of emigrants and rebels
 Universal and equal obligation of work
CATHOLICISM

 Pope Leo XIII in Reform Novarum (The Conditions of Labor)

 Rights must be religiously respected

 Duty of public authority to prevent and punish injury
 Poor and helpless have special consideration upon questioning its
rights
 State has the right to regulate the use of private property and to
protect it
 Workers have the right to form unions
SCIENCE BECOMES
THE SERVANT OF
Soul of the Nineteenth

MANcentury
 MODERN IMPERIALISM
STARTS A PROCESS OF
HISTORIC CHANGE
Activity of a nation in extending its control and authority beyond its territorial boundaries
through
the acquisition of new territories

Purpose of securing rea materials, markets for manufactured products, additional food
supplies, outlets for surplus population and fields for investment of surplus capital
 GROWING CONFIDENCE ON
PROGRESS INSPIRES
OPTIMISM
Man made considerable progress in various
fields
 Democracy
 Education
 Science
 Public
Health
 Literature
 Music
 Art
 “ The divine flame of thought is
inextinguishable among Filipino
people and in some way or another
it has to shine and make it known. It
is not possible to brutalize the
inhabitants of the Philippines.”
QUESTIONS TO LIVE
BY
1. Why is nationalism a desirable national goal?
2. Why is industrialism a continuing concern of society?
3. Do you agree with Rizal’s point of view that the pursuit of science is an
ideal of
man? Why?