Modern state of

Disinfectology and its

prospects
Chernyavskaya Olga Alexandrovna

Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology,

Tropical medicine Department

Volgograd State Medical University

Disinfection
Disinfection
is a set of measures directed at
complete or partial elimination of
potentially pathogenic for a man
microorganisms found on different
objects of the environment in order to
break the transmission of the causative
agents
 The aim of disinfection is to
eliminate only pathogenic and
opportunistic microorganisms
occurred on the objects of the
environment
(It makes disinfection different from
sterilization aimed at destructing all
types of microorganisms and their
spores).
Kinds of disinfection

Disinfection

Preventive Focal

Current Final
Focal disinfection
is a complex of the actions spent
in the epidemic focus.
Current disinfection
is the complex of measures
performed continuously for the
whole period of time from the
moment of revealing a source of
infection until its complete
elimination of the epidemic focus.
Final disinfection
is a complex of actions performed
after removing the source of
infection from the focus of
infection (after hospitalization,
recovery, death of the patient).
Preventive disinfection

is a complex of actions performed

in the absence of the source of
infection, but if there is any
possibility of its initiation.
Methods of disinfection

 Mechanical
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
Mechanical methods
are methods aimed at
eliminating pathogenic
microorganisms (reduction of
their concentration): airing,
ventilation of premises,
hoovering, doing the washing,
shaking and beating out carpets,
filtration of water.
Physical ones are
methods based on
destruction of
microorganisms by
means of physical
factors: currents of
ultrahigh frequency,
radiation, ultrasound, the
cold (freezing) and the
heat (boiling, burning,
dry and moist hot air,
water vapor etc).
Chemical method
includes application of
chemical substances.
Ways of using chemical
substances:
 Spraying (droplet or aerosol);
 Wiping of surfaces;
 Immersing into a disinfecting
solution;
 Strewing with a dry
preparation.
 Groups of Disinfectant
compounds
Halogen 1) bleaching powder;
2) chloramines: T, B, monochloramine,
containing:
dichloramine and chloramines-based substances.
-сhlorine
3) hydantoin derivatives: di-chlore-hydantoin, , di-
compounds
chlore-dimethylhydantoion, sulfachlorantine;
4) hypochlorites: neutral calcium hypochlorite;
sodium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite;
5) salts of isocyanuric acid, trichlorisocyanuric
acid, dichlorisocyanuric acid, dichlore 1;

- bromide dibromantin, aguabor;

compounds
- iodine alcohol solution of iodine and potassium iodide,
compounds iodophores.
Oxygen containing Hydrogen peroxide (3%, 4%, 6%);
substances = peracids (peracetic);
oxidizers compound preparations: dezoxone –1,
dezoxone – 4 (hydrogen peroxide + peracetic
acid).
Phenol containing Old: phenol, chlorbetanaphtole, lysol.
substances New: amocide, amocide-2000.

Aldehyde contaning Methylene oxide, formaldehyde,

compounds glutaraldehyde.

Alcohol Ethyl alcohol, мethyl alcohol, аlcohol based

preparations.
Oxides and acids, Ethylene oxide;
Вases Surface аctive slaked lime;
substances (SAS) sodium methasylicaate.
Biological method

is based on antagonistic
relations between
microorganisms (it is applied for
disinfecting sewage,
composting etc.)
 Medical sterilization means complete
elimination of microorganisms from a
substance or a subject by means of
physical or chemical agents

Stages of sterilization:
1) Disinfection;
2) Pre-sterilizational cleaning;
3) Sterilization.
Stages of pre-sterilizational
cleaning
1. Preliminary rinsing in running water.
2. Soaking in cleaning solution or
ultrasound treatment of instruments
in the solution.
3. Brushing each instrument in a
cleaning solution.
4. Rinsing in running water.
5. Rinsing with distilled water.
6. Vacuum drying.
 Pre-sterilizational
clearing is the most
effective on using
washing machines.
 The control of
efficiency: asopiramic
and amidophyrinic
tests (on latent
blood),
phenolphthaleinic (on
the presence of a
cleaning agent).
Methods of sterilization
Physical:
1. Thermal (steam and air sterilizers).
2. Vapor is widely used (saturated vapor
and that one under pressure);
3. Radiations (infra-red, ultra-violet, currents
of ultra-high and microwave frequincies
etc).
Chemical:
1. Gas;
2. Using solutions of chemical substances.
New types of sterilizers: plasma (high-
frequency plasma is used), glasperlenic,
ozone ones.
 Sterilizationcontrol of
products used for medical
purposes is carried out by a
bacteriological method (in a
bacteriological laboratory).
Kinds of disinfection chambers
1. Steam chamber, when decontamination is
performed by a steam flow under pressure.
2. Formalin steam chambers, when
formaldehyde vapor is mixed with hot damp
air.
3. Hot air chamber, with dry hot air as an agent.
4. Gas chambers: where they use chemical
substances in a gas state (anhydride sulphide,
ethylene oxide, methylbromide).

 Chambers may be stationary, mobile and

portable.
Disinsection
Disinsection
is destruction of insects and ticks,
being carrying agents of infectious
(parasitic) disease as well as
liquidation of other arthropods
which have sanitary and hygienic
value and prevent people from
working and having a rest.
Kinds of disinsection:

 focal
 preventive
Preventive disinsection :
1. Protection
 To plan rationally placement of houses, buildings,
parking areas.
 To prevent arthropods from entering dwellings, building,
etc.
 Proper storage of food and food debris and household
refuse.
 Agricultural technology measures.
 Protective clothes.
 Personal hygiene.
2. Insect frightening.
 To treat clothes with repellents.
 To treat open parts of the body with repellents.
3. Attracting insects for their further elimination
 To use attractive substances.
 To use food lures.
Methods of disinsection:

 mechanical;
 physical;
 chemical;
 biological;
 combined.
Mechanical methods:
 are used to prevent arthropods from their
entering dwellings by putting nets on
windows and doors;
 elimination of insects by using fly-paper,
fly-swatters, etc.;
 sweeping off walls and the floor;
 hoovering;
 shaking out and beating out carpets.
Physical methods:
 high and low temperatures.
Chemical methods
include the use of substances to kill
insects (insecticides),
ticks (acaricides),
larvae (larvacides),
eggs of insects and ticks (ovocides).

 Substances scaring insects away are

called repellents.
Chemical methods deal with
different groups of chemical
compounds:

 chlorine based substances;

 organophosphates;
 carbonates;
 pyretroids, etc.
Depending on the ways
insecticides enter arthropods’
body :
 Contact poisons (penetrate through
outer membranes (cuticle);
 Enteric poisons (get into the body with
poisoned food or water);
 Fumigantes (poisonous fumes or gases
affecting respiratory system passing
through the cuticle).
Due to toxicity index insecticides
are divided into
- extremely dangerous;
- highly dangerous;
- of moderate toxicity;
- low toxicity.
For decomposition rate in
mammals and stability in
environment insecticides may be:
 very stable (with decomposition period
over 2 years), as chlorine based
compounds;
 moderately stable (from 1 to 6 months)
as organophosphates;
 unstable (up to 1 month).
Depending on purposes and
tasks of disinsection chemical
compounds may be produced as

powders, emulsions, suspensions,

soaps, ointments, solutions,
poisoned lures, aerosols, special
sticks, additives to white-washing,
paints and varnish.
Organophosphates
Advantages Lacks
1) wide spectrum of action; 1) high toxicity for mammals;
2) low stability in the 2) it is necessity to follow
environment; strict safety measures on
3) there is no accumulation in their usage;
objects of the 3) ability to get through
environment due to fast uninjured skin and cause
decomposition on poisoning;
nontoxic components in
4) there is probability to cause
water, ground,
cancerogenic action on
vegetation;
warm-blooded animals.
4) they quickly decompose in
products on thermal
processing.
Carbamates

Advantages Lacks
1. Rather fast 1. Defeat of nervous and blood
decainess in systems.
the 2. Probably toxic action on an
environment. embryo and mutagen action.
3. Allergenic properties is
possible.
Pyrethroides
Advantages Lacks
1) high activity (effective action on many kinds of 1) low
insects even in small enough dozes); photostability
2) fast and deep paralyzing action even in in substances
sublethal dozes; of the first and
3) excitative action, stimulating flying insects to the second
flight and creepers to crawl that leads to generations.
increasing number of contacts to poison;.
4) photostability (third generation);
5) prolonged residual action;
6) high selective toxicity connected with complex
processes of metabolism, progressing differently
in an organism of warm-blooded animals and
that of an insect;
Biological method
 Agents causing illnesses of arthropods
(bacterium, viruses, fungi, protozoa,
helminths).
 Predacious insects - entomophages.
 Larva eating fish (gambusia, gooppy,
etc.), phytophagous fish (a white cupid, a
silver carp, etc.).
 Chemical sterilization of insects
(substances containing a juvenile
hormone of growth or a hormone of chitin
formation).
Deratization
 Deratization is a complex of
measures directed against
rodents, which cause
infectious (parasitic) diseases
and significant financial loss.
Kinds of deratization:

preventive

destructive
Destructive measures

are aimed at destroying rodent’s

population.
Preventive measures:
 sanitary;
 sanitary-engineering (building-
engineering);
 agrotechnical measures
 Sanitary measures:
 to clean buildings, yards and other areas
from garbage (rubbish), which serves them
either as a shelter or food;
 to maintain rules (discipline) at food and
catering plants, storehouses, meat-packing
plants, etc. (collect and store food waste in
special containers out-of-reach for rats and
mice, regular cleaning of containers);
 efficient garbage utilization (burning,
composting, processing in biothermal
chambers, organization of dump grounds).
Sanitary-engineering (building-
engineering):
 to create conditions preventing rodents from
penetrating, inhabiting and reproducing in
dwelling houses and buildings (such measures
should be provided at the stage of design and
construction as well as on renovating houses). In
particular, rodents must be disable to get into the
house, to move from one room into another. All
holes of diameter more than 6 mm (it is the
smallest hole for young mice) should be closed
with solid material; doors may be bound with tin-
plates, chinks must be closed up, floor cemented,
walls tiled, windows must have metal nets;
Agrotechnical measures
(help to reduce the number of rodents in
open areas)
 efficient planning of arable land;
 eradication of weeds on free land
(especially tall weeds and dry herbage),
 timely and careful harvesting,
 careful straw binding and digging stacks
round;
 protection of predators – natural enemies
of rodents.
Destructive measures may be

 Physical (mechanical);
 Chemical;
 Biological;
 or their combination.
Physical (mechanical):
 catching rodents with the help of different
traps, manage, dies;
 usage of sticky substances (castor oil,
colophony, thick syrup);
 filling rodents holes with water (to extinct
gophers) ;
 application of mechanical foams (without
poisons) to suffocate rodents.
 Chemical method implies
application of poisons – raticides
(rodentocides).

 The form of preparations:

powders, solutions, suspensions,
pastes, briquettes, biscuits, sugar-flour
mixtures, etc.
 Poisons may be of vegetable or
synthetic origin.

 Syntheticpoisons are subdivided

into two groups: with immediate
and chronic effect.
 Means of deratization:
 poisoned lures
- nutritional - when poison is added to
food products;
- liquid – solutions or suspensions in
water or milk;
 spraying – powdery poison is sprayed
into holes and on paths of rodents;
 aeration – putting gaseous poison into
the hole.
Biological:

 Application of pathogenic microorganisms

being dangerous for rodents ( bacteria,
viruses, fungi, Protozoa, helminthes).
 A genetic method, when previously
sterilized males are let out into the natural
population.
 Protection to natural of birds and animals
feeding on rodents.
 Deratization divides into two types:
urban and field deratization.
 Urban deratization, i.e. deratization in dwellings is a
struggle with synanthropic and semi-synanthropic rodents.
Total systematic deratization is the most efficient. It includes
a number of preventive and destructive measures taken in
all the buildings located in the area for the whole year (in
living spaces, industrial enterprises, child-care facilities,
farms, etc.), as well as in the surrounding area. Deratization
is obligatory in plague, tularemia, leptospirosis, yersiniosis
foci (alongside with final disinfection), and for
epidemiological indications, in case of salmonellosis and
other zoonotic infections.
 Field deratization is a struggle against wild rodents. At
present it is not carried out, as it threatens to disturb
ecological balance.
Thank you !