WATER QUALITY

ANALYSIS
-S.HARISH
CRRI
 INTRODUCTION
• Basic requirement of water 2 litres per head per day
• A daily supply of 120-150 litre per capita is considered to be
adequate for urban domestic purposes
• In India, 40 litre per capita of water supply is placed as targets for
rural purposes
• Sources of water:
RAIN

SURFACE WATER GROUND WATER

Rivers, Streams, Shallow wells, Deep
Tanks, Ponds, Lakes wells, Springs
SAFE AND WHOLESOME WATER

• Free from pathogenic agents

• Free from harmful chemical
substances
• Pleasant to taste i.e. from
colour and odour
• Usable for domestic
purposes
 Water Quality and Standards
• The guidelines for drinking water quality
recommended by WHO (2011) includes four
variables
1. Acceptability aspects
2. Microbiological aspects
3. Chemical aspects
4. Radiological aspects
 ACCEPTABILITY ASPECTS
• Physical parameters
1. Turbidity - Due to presence of inadequate
particulate matter
- Should be < 1 NTU
- > 4NTU – Noticeable to naked eye
2. Colour – Free from colour < 15 TCU
3. Taste and odour – Odourless and tasteless
4. Temperature – Cool water more palatable
 ACCEPTABILITY ASPECTS
• Inorganic constituents
Chloride 200mg/l Upto 600 mg/l
Ammonia 0.2 mg/l Upto 3mg/l
pH 6.5 to 8.5
Hydrogen sulphide 0.05 to 0.1 mg/l
Iron 0.3mg/l
Sodium 200 mg/l
Sulphate 250 mg/l
Zinc 0.1 mg/l Upto 3 mg/l
Copper 0.1mg/l
Manganese 0.2 mg/l
Aluminium 0.2 mg/l
Total Dissolved Solids 600mg/l Upto 1200 mg/l
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
BACTERIAL INDICATORS

VIROLOGICAL ASPECTS

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
BACTERIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Coliform organisms
1.Faecal group – E.coli
2. Non Faecal group - Klebsiella
Faecal streptococci
Occurs in faeces but less frequent
than E.coli
Clostiridium perferingens
Survive longer than E.coli
Resistant to Chlorination
•Present in human intestine
•Presence indicates faecal
contamination
•As small as one bacteria in 100 ml
water
•Easily culutureable
•Long life when compared to other
pathogens
•Resistance to water purification
•Presence indicates recent
contamination
•Presence indicates faecal
contamination
•Their presence and E.coli absence
indicates contamination in remote area
Bacteriological assessment of drinking
water
 VIROLOGICAL ASPECTS
• Recommended – No infective virus to be in water
• Disinfection with 0.5 mg/l of free chlorine residue at a pH
of 8 for 30 minutes is effective – Endemicity of Hepatitis
A
• In other areas, 0.2 mg/l of free chlorine residue at a pH
of 8 for 30 minutes is effective
• OZONE is found to be effective when 0.2 to 0.4 mg/l is
maintained for 4 minutes
 BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
• Protozoa-E.histolytica,Balantidium coli,Giardia
lamblia

• Helminths-Hook worm,Round worm

• Free living-Algae,Fungi

• No organism in water to be detected

• Rapid or slow sand filtration is effective

CHEMICAL ASPECTS
 RADIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
• Radiological activity – preferably low
• Becquerel – Unit of activity
• 1Bq - 1 Disintegration per second
• Gross alpha activity – 0.5 Bq/l
• Gross beta activity – 1 Bq/l
SURVEILLANCE OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY

• Sanitary Survey
• Sampling
• Bacteriological Surveillance
– Presumptive Coliform count
– Detection of Fecal Streptococci and Clostiridium
perferingens
– Colony count
• Chemical Surveillance
• Biological examination
 Bacteriological Surveillance
• Presumptive coliform test
– MPN multiple tube test
• Estimating most probable number of coliforms in 00 ml
of water using McArdy table
– Eikjman test
• Subculture each presumptive positive test in tubes of
brilliant green bile broth
– Membrane filteration technique
• Pass water through membranes and inoculate
membranes for coliform counts
 Disinfection of water
• Chlorination of water
 Hardness of water
• Bicarbonate and sulphate of Magnesium and Calcium
• Carbonate- Temporary Hardness
• Non carbonate - Permanent hardness

Classification Level of Hardness

Soft Less than 1(<50 mg/l)

Moderately hard 1 to 3 (50-150 mg/l)

Hard 3 to 6 (150-300mg/l)

Very Hard More than 6(>300 mg/l)

 METHODS TO REMOVE HARDNESS OF WATER

• Temporary hardness
– Boiling
– Addition of lime
– Addition of sodium carbonate
– Permutit process
• Permanent hardness
– Addition of sodium carbonate
– Base exchange
• National water supply and Sanitation
Programme -1954

Thank You!!!!