Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc.

College of Maritime Education

MacArthur Highway, wakas, Bocaue, 3018 Bulacan

Electro 2
Fernando Tagumpay H. Cruz Jr.
Ryan Adams F. Rivera
Charles Nicole Miranda
Benzon Francisco
Christian Jae Bernando
Paul Joshua Dela Cruz

Bravo 2A
BSMarE
Operational Consideration in Electrical
Power Plant
Introduction :
• Auxiliary services ranging from ER pumps and
fans, deck winches & windlasses to general
lighting, catering & AC
• Electrical power – used to drive most of these
auxiliaries
• Electrical power system - designed to provide
secured supplies with adequate built-in protection
for both equipment & operating personnel
• General scheme - nearly common to all ships
Switchboard
 To distribute generated electricity to where it is
needed
 Can be classified as one of following:-
 Main switchboards
 Emergency switchboards
 Section boards - supplied directly/via transformers etc
 Distribution boards
 Metal-clad, dead front switchboards are
mandatory for AC systems
Distribution system
 Main board - built in 2 sections which can operate
independently in case one section damaged
 One side carries port & fwd motors (group motor
starter) while other section carried stbd & aft motors
 Central section used for control the main generators
 Switchgear cubicles on generator panel sides used for
essential services, flanked by group motor starter
boards
 Separate section will controls 3-phase 220V & lighting
services
 Distribution system
 440V/220V lighting transformers may mounted inside
main swbd cubicle, or free-standing behind it
 Main generator supply cables connected directly to their
CB
 Short copper bars, then connected to three bus bars
which run through switchboard length
 Busbars - may seen if rear door are opened, in special
enclosed bus-bar duct
 Swbd contain frequency meters, synchroscopes,
wattmeters, voltage and current transformers, ammeter
switches, voltage regulations & means for adjusting prime
movers speed
Shore supply
 Required during deadship - dry-docking for major
overhaul
 Log of supply kWh meter taken for costing purposes
 Suitable connection box to accept shore supply cable -
accommodation entrance or emergency generator room
 Connection box - suitable terminals including earthing
terminal, dedicated CB, switch & fuses - protect cable
linking to main switchboard
 Plate giving details of ship’s electrical system (voltage and
frequency) & method for connecting must provided
 For AC supply, phase sequence indicator is fitted - indicate
correct supply phase sequence - usually lamp
Shore supply
 It is not normal practice to parallel shore supply
with ship’s generators
 Therefore, ship’s generators must disconnected
before shore supply resume connection –
interlocked provided
 Shore supply may also connected directly to
emergency board - ‘back feeds’ to main
switchboard
 When phase sequence indicator indicate reverse
sequence, simply interchanging any two leads to
remedy this fault
 Incorrect phase sequence cause motors to run in
reverse direction
Effect of higher voltage

 Contribute to sparking condition

 Current drawn proportional to terminal voltage
 Cause excessive starting current
 Motor overheat due to high current
 Motor accelerates fast and may overload the drive
Effect of lower voltage

 Motor draw more current to keep same power

output
 Starting torque  V², thus to 72.5%
 Take longer period to build up speed
 High reactance motor will stalled
 Overheating will occur
 Motor may stall & burn due to overheating – 49x
full load heating
 Star delta starter line voltage 58%
Effect of higher frequency
 Motor run 20% faster, increase overall speed
 Overload, overheated & overstress driven loads
 Power produced  (speed)³
 Supply will reduce stator flux
 Affect starting torque
 Centrifugal load will rise by 73 %
Effect of lower frequency

 Stator flux increases

 Magnetising current will increase
 Motor runs slower & hot
 Speed reduced to 17%
 Overheating will take place
 Remedy is to slightly lower the voltage
Emergency power supply
 Emergency power supply
 Provided, in event of emergency (blackout etc), supply still available
for emergency lighting, alarms, communications, watertight doors &
other essential services - to maintain safety & safe evacuation
 Source - generator, batteries or both
 Self-contained & independent from other ER power supply
 Emergency generator must have ICE as prime mover with own FO
supply tank, starting equipment & switchboard
 Must initiated following a total electrical power failure
 Emergency batteries - ‘switch in’ immediately after power failure
 Emergency generators - hand cranked, but automatically started
by air / battery possible - ensure immediate run-up
 Power rating - determined by size & ship role
 Small vessels - few kW sufficient for emergency lighting
 Larger & complicated vessels - may require hundreds of kW for
emergency lighting, chronological restarting & fire fighting supply
 Connected to own emergency swbd - located in compartment above
water line
 Normal operation - emergency board supplied from main board
via ‘bus-tie’
 Impossible to synchronise with main generators due to interlocks –
newer design permit short period of synchronising
 Starting automatically - initiated by relay which monitors normal
main supply
 Falling mains frequency / voltage causes ‘start-up’ relay to operate
generator starting equipment
 Arrangement for starting – electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic
 Regular tests - power loss simulation will triggers start sequence
 Detailed regulations - 1972 SOLAS Convention, IEE Regulations
for Electrical and Electronic Equipment of Ships, regulations from
Classification Societies (LR, ABS, DNV etc) and etc
Insulated neutral system

Insulated system - totally electrically

insulated from earth (ship’s hull)
Earthed neutral system

Earthed system has one pole or neutral point

connected to earth
General
 Shipboard systems - insulated from earth (ship's
hull)
 Shore system - earthed to the ground
 HV systems (>1000V) - earthed to ship's hull via
neutral earthing resistor (NER) or high impedance
transformer to limit earth fault current
 Priority for shipboard - maintain electrical
supply to essential equipment in event of single
earth fault
 Priority ashore - immediate isolation earth-
faulted equipment
3 basic circuit faults

An open-circuit fault is due A short-circuit fault is due

to a break in the conductor,
as at A, so that current
cannot flow
An earth fault is due to a break
in the insulation, as at B,
allowing the conductor to touch
the hull or an earthed metal
enclosure
to a double break in the
insulation, as at C,
allowing both conductors
to be connected so that a
very large current by-
passes or "short-circuits"
the load.
The preferred system??

 If earth fault occurs on insulated pole of

‘EARTHED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM’ - equivalent
to ‘short circuit’ fault
 Large earth fault current would immediately ‘blow’
the fuse in line conductor
 Faulted electrical equipment immediately isolated
from supply & rendered SAFE, but loss of
equipment
 Could create hazardous situation if equipment was
classed ESSENTIAL
The preferred system??
 If earth fault ‘A’ occurs on one line of ‘INSULATED
DISTRIBUTOIN SYSTEM’ - not trip any protective gear &
system resume function normally
 Thus, equipment still operates
 If earth fault ‘B’ developed on another line, 2 earth faults
would equivalent to a short-circuit fault & initated
protective gear
 An insulated distribution system requires TWO earth
faults on TWO different lines to cause an earth fault
current.
 An earthed distribution system requires only ONE earth
fault on the LINE conductor to create an earth fault
current.
 Therefore an insulated system is more effective than an
earthed system - maintain supply continuity to equipment,
thus being adopted for most marine electrical systems
High voltage system

 Shipboard HV systems - ‘earthed’ via resistor

connecting generator neutrals to earth
 Earthing resistor with ohmic value - chosen to
limit maximum earth fault current < generator full
load current
 Neutral Earthing Resistor (NER) - assembled with
metallic plates in air – due to single earth fault will
cause circuit disconnected by its protection device
The preferred system??
THANK YOU!!