Redes Inalámbricas – Tema 2.

D
WiMax and other technologies

REDES INALÁMBRICAS Máster de Ingeniería de Computadores 2008/2009

2

IEEE 802 Active Working Groups and Study Groups

MIC 2008/2009

 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group

 Link Security Executive Committee Study Group is now part of 802.1
 802.3 Ethernet Working Group
 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group
 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group
 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group
 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group
 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG
 802.19 Coexistence TAG
 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) Working Group
 802.21 Media Independent Handoff Working Group
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks

3

IEEE Standards
MIC 2008/2009

“Regional Area
RAN Network”
40 km IEEE 802.22
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

54 - 862 MHz
4

IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPAN

MIC 2008/2009

 IEEE Std 802.15.1™-2002 - 1Mb/s WPAN/Bluetooth v1.x derivative

work
 802.15.2™- Recommended Practice for Coexistence in Unlicensed
Bands
 802.15.3™ - 20+ Mb/s High Rate WPAN for Multimedia and Digital
Imaging
 802.15.3a™ - 110+ Mb/s Higher Rate Alternative PHY for 802.15.3
 802.15.4™ - 200 kb/s max for interactive toys, sensor and automation
needs  ZigBee
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
5

IEEE 802.15.2
MIC 2008/2009

 IEEE 802.15.2
 Coexistence between 802.15
and 802.11
 Predefined traffic management
rules for coexistence
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
6

IEEE 802.16 and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)

MIC 2008/2009

 What is a BWA?
 High speed connection
 Uses radio waves
 Point to multipoint system
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
7

Broadband Access to Buildings

MIC 2008/2009

 The “Last Mile”

 Fast local connection to network
 Business and residential customers want it
 Data
 Voice
 Video distribution
 Real-time videoconferencing
 etc.
 High-capacity cable/fiber to every user is expensive
 Construction costs do not follow Moore’s Law
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
8

WirelessMAN: Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

MIC 2008/2009

SOHO
Basestation customer

Residential
customer

Multi-tenant
customers
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

Core
network
repeater
SME
Basestation customer
Source: Nokia Networks
9

Properties of IEEE Standard 802.16

MIC 2008/2009

 Broad bandwidth
 Up to 134 Mbit/s in 28 MHz channel (in 10-66 GHz air interface)
 Supports multiple services simultaneously with full QoS
 Efficiently transport IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Ethernet, etc.
 Bandwidth on demand (frame by frame)
 MAC designed for efficient used of spectrum
 Comprehensive, modern, and extensible security
 Supports multiple frequency allocations from 2-66 GHz
 ODFM and OFDMA for non-line-of-sight applications
 Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and coding
 Subscriber by subscriber, burst by burst, uplink and downlink
 Point-to-multipoint topology, with mesh extensions
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

 Support for adaptive antennas and space-time coding

 Extensions to mobility are coming next.
10

IEEE802.16 Standardization Overview (2)

MIC 2008/2009

 802.16:
 the original standard, published in April 2002
 defines a MAC layer and several physical layer specifications.
The MAC supports frequency-division-duplex (FDD) and time-division-duplex
(TDD), as well as real-time adaptive modulation and coding. Single-carrier
modulation. The physical layer of the standard covers the spectrum from
10 to 66 GHz, which includes the LMDS bands.
The high frequencies limit the use to line-of-sight (LOS).
 802.16a:
 a completed amendment that extends the physical layer to the 2 to 11GHz
spectrum range (includes both licensed and unlicensed bands).
 the 802.16a standard also specifies three possible modulations: single carrier,
OFDM and OFDMA. The lower frequencies allow non-line of sight (NLOS) formats,
which can also be helped by OFDM's ability to handle multipath signals. Range can
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

be up to 30 km, with cell footprints in the 4 to 6 km range. Total data rate can be
up to 75 Mb/s in each 20MHz channel.
11

IEEE802.16 Standardization Overview (3)

MIC 2008/2009

 802.16c:
 profiles, conformance standards, and test suites for 802.16
(10-66GHz) implementations. The profiles are published,
the conformance tests have concluded sponsor ballot.
 802.16REVd:
 full revision of 802.16 and 802.16a/d, covering the full LOS and NLOS range (2-66
GHz); currently in sponsor balloting process
 includes system profiles for 2-11GHz implementations
 802.16e:
 a nascent effort to extend the 802.16a standard for portability (mobile clients)
 Working group letter ballot launched on 15.01.2004

 For details see: http://www.ieee802.org/16/milestones/index.html

REDES INALÁMBRICAS
12

Frequency Bands below 10 GHz (1)

MIC 2008/2009

Band 2.3G 2.4G 2.6G 3.5G 5G

Bandwidth
(MHz)
30 83.5 180 170 - 250 300 - 475
partly allocated for outdoor:
max. widely licensed 5470 - 5725 MHz
wireless access
Europe Tx power after 2007:
in blocks of max Tx power:
100 mW foreseen for UMTS 14 - 40 MHz 1 W EIRP
outdoor:
lic. in max. licensed in 5725 - 5825 MHz
US blocks of Tx power blocks of max. Tx power:
5 MHz 1W 6 MHz 1 W EIRP
lic. in licensed in licensed
Canada blocks of blocks of in blocks of
15 MHz 6 MHz 25 MHz

LAM
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

licensed or unlicensed
not available for
according to licensed unlicensed
wireless access
country regulations
13

Frequency Bands below 10 GHz (2)

MIC 2008/2009

 Licensed bands:

 3.5 GHz is the most important licensed band, but to serve all
possible markets, both 2.6 and 3.5 GHz options will be needed

 Unlicensed bands:

 The 2.4 GHz is less suitable due to interference issues.

 The 5 GHz band is suitable for low density areas with only few potential
interferers. The achievable QoS can be high, but always remains subject
to unpredictable (legal) interference sources.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
14

WiMAX Forum
MIC 2008/2009

 The 802.16 family of standards is officially called WirelessMAN, it has

been dubbed “WiMAX” by an industry group called the The WiMAX
Forum. The mission of the Forum is to promote and certify
compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless products.

 WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

 It is a non-profit organization
 It was formed in 2003
 It has more than 110 members such as Alcatel, AT&T, Intel, Nortel, Motorola,
SBC, Siemens, and so forth..
 Mission: To promote deployment of BWA by using a global standard and certifying
interoperability of products and technologies.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
15

WiMAX Technology
MIC 2008/2009

 It will provide fixed, nomadic, portable and, eventually, mobile wireless

broadband connectivity.
 Connectivity at rates of up to 75 Mb/sec
 WiMAX 10-66 GHz technical working group
 two MAC system profile
 two primary PHY system profile
 WiMAX 2-11 GHz technical working group
 defining MAC and PHY system profile for IEEE 802.16e and HiperMAN standards.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
16
WiMAX Applications (1)
MIC 2008/2009

Extending existing services in...

 White zone DSL areas solving economical, technical and
political issues in low density areas
 Rural and Sub-urban areas (‘digital divide‘)

 Urban areas (city coverage)

nomadic / portable broadband
 Hot Spots services

Introducing basic services in ...

 developing countries (new service)
 wireless telephony
 IP services
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
17
WiMAX Applications (2)
MIC 2008/2009

IP Services for
SMALL BUSINESS BACKHAUL for
HOTSPOTS RESIDENTIAL & SoHo
Wireless DSL

T1+ LEVEL SERVICE

ENTERPRISE

802.16REVd

802.11
WiMAX is for 802.16REVd what WiFi
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

802.11
is for 802.11
Certified™ Interoperability 802.11
18
WiMAX Single-Sector Base Station in Rural Environment
MIC 2008/2009

Aggregation

X
access multiplexer/
base station access controller radio link,
covered area

base station
X

single base station, connected with wireline link to the LOS modem

aggregation network home with

outdoor operation: LOS, indoor operation: NLOS NLOS modem
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

X local switching
 mainly LOS for large distances (5-15 km)
 NLOS is of importance e.g. for small villages
19
WiMAX Multi-Sector Base Station in Urban Environment
MIC 2008/2009

radio link,
covered area

base station
X
Aggregation
X local switching
X
aggregation
switch

Characteristics:
 base station covers multiple sectors
 3 to 6 sectors
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

(depending on user density and frequency reuse requirements)

 NLOS operation
20

WiMAX: Nomadicity & Mobility

MIC 2008/2009

Nomadicity within WiMAX system

 Covered by 802.16REVd
 Non Real Time Service Continuity offered

Mobility within WiMAX system

 802.16e (not yet fixed)
 Mobility issues handled on MAC layer, micromobility

Mobility in heterogeneous systems

 Mobility issues handled on IP layer (mobile IP), macromobility
 802.21 handoff group:
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

developing standards to enable handover and interoperability between

heterogeneous network type, including both 802 and non 802 networks
21

Caso de Estudio: Equipo Alemán de la Copa America

MIC 2008/2009

 Balizas meteorológicas proporcionadas por la organización las zonas de

regatas. Los Datos se consultan en tiempo real, con una conexión
normal a internet. Cada Equipo decide su forma de conexión y obtiene
los datos de viento.
 El meteorólogo, en un barco de apoyo, obtiene los datos, los analiza y
sugiere al capitán de la embarcación de competición cual es la mejor
opción para una regata óptima.
 Problemas:
 Coste Económico, ya que estos equipos de alta competición entrenan a diario.
 Ancho de banda y distancia hasta la costa. En ocasiones, estando alejados de la
costa, llegaba a estar por debajo de los 128Kbps de bajada.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

Sergio Duran – curso 20062007

22

Propuesta
MIC 2008/2009

 Implantación de un sistema Wimax.

 Ancho de banda en ocasiones superior a 1Mb/s.
 Distancias de hasta 8 km.
 Mobilidad. Velocidades de hasta 60Km/h.
 Posibilidad de añadir otros servicios.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

Sergio Duran – curso 20062007

23

Campo de Regatas
MIC 2008/2009
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

Sergio Duran – curso 20062007

24

Materiales
MIC 2008/2009

 La Antena
 Normalmente la antena se sitúa en una torre de comunicación, aunque en nuestro
caso, se ha instalado sobre un mástil, en la terraza del edificio que tiene el equipo
en el puerto de Valencia.
 Funciona en la banda seleccionada y dispone de dos pequeñas “orejas” que nos
permite dirigir la señal y cerrar el ángulo de salida hasta los 60º o abrirlo hasta los
120º. Lo que influye en el rendimiento final y la distancia alcanzada.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

Sergio Duran – curso 20062007

25

Materiales (2)
MIC 2008/2009

 La Estación Base
 Codificación y Decodificación de la señal.
 Se le conecta la antena por un lado y la interconexión con otras redes por otro. En
nuestro caso, se instaló un router Linksys que nos daba acceso a Internet por
ONO.
 Da soporte de red a todos aquellos dispositivos que se conectan a Wimax.
 Se puede acceder a un puerto RS-232 de comunicación y configurar todos los
terminales que se podrán ir conectando con la Estación Base.
 No dispone de DHCP. Toda la configuración de la red se hace de forma manual.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

Sergio Duran – curso 20062007

26

Materiales (3)
MIC 2008/2009

 Terminales
 Enlace de comunicación entre la antena de la Estación Base y los puestos de
trabajo.
 Solo se encargan de la comunicación desde y hacia Wimax.
 Se configuran automáticamente desde la Estación Base.
 Cada Terminal a su vez configura una subred dentro de la topología de Wimax.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

Sergio Duran – curso 20062007

27

IEEE Standard 802.16: Tutorial

MIC 2008/2009

IEEE Communications Magazine, June 2002

(available on 802.16 web site)
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
 IEEE 802.20 MBWA
28

an overview
MIC 2008/2009

 MBWA Working Group was approved on the 11th of December 2002

 To prepare a formal specification for a packed-based air interface
designed for IP-based services with peak data rates per user in excess
of 1 Mbps
 Will address MBWA in licensed bands below 3.5 GHz MBWA
 Could provide commuters with reliable high-speed wireless voice and
data links from trains and cars travelling at up to 250km/h
(155miles/h).
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
29

The vision of the IEEE 802.20

MIC 2008/2009

Mobile Broadband
Wireless Access
Home
Domain
Video Streaming -
Conferencing Apps

Video Streaming -
Conferencing Apps
Field Service Apps
Portable Remote
Access Services
Work
Domain Seamless High BW Connectivity

Portable
Ubiquitous
Office
Experience
Hotel/Motel
Mobile Office (Voice
and Data Apps)

Mobile
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

Portable Services
Domain Mobile Commerce
Services
Reservations-Listings
Directions Services
Video Streaming -
Conferencing Apps
30

.16 and .20 comparison

MIC 2008/2009

 IEEE 802.20 and IEEE 802.16e standards seem very similar. But there
are some differences !!!

802.16a
 It is the extension of an
existing standard
 It operates in the 2 to11
GHz licensed spectrum
 Speeds of 75 to 93 miles/h
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
802.20
 It is starting from scratch
 It operates in the licensed
band below 3.5 GHz
 Speeds of 155 miles/h
31

IEEE 802.21
MIC 2008/2009

 802.21 is an IEEE emerging standard. The standard supports

algorithms enabling seamless handover between networks of the same
type as well as handover between different network types also called
Media Independent Handover (MIH). The standard provides
information to allow handing over to and from cellular, GSM, GPRS,
WiFi, Bluetooth and 802.11 networks through different handover
mechanisms.
 Some of the expectations
 Allow roaming between 802.11 networks and 3G cellular networks.
 Allow users to engage in ad hoc teleconferencing.
 Apply to both wired and wireless networks.
 Allow for use by multiple vendors and users.
 Although security algorithms and security protocols will not be defined in the
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

standard, authentication, authorization, and network detection and selection will

be supported by the protocol
 IEEE 802.22
32

Project Authorization Request (PAR)

MIC 2008/2009

 Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN)

 802.22 is to define:
 MAC: Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control
 PHY: Physical Layer specifications
 Policies and procedures for operation in the TV Bands
 “This standard specifies the air interface, including the medium access
control layer (MAC) and physical layer (PHY), of fixed point-to-
multipoint wireless regional area networks operating in the VHF/UHF
TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and 862 MHz.”
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
 IEEE 802.22
33

Project Authorization Request (PAR)

MIC 2008/2009

 Purpose: “This standard is intended to enable deployment of

interoperable 802 multivendor wireless regional area network
products, to facilitate competition in broadband access by providing
alternatives to wireline broadband access and extending the
deployability of such systems into diverse geographic areas, including
sparsely populated rural areas, while preventing harmful interference
to incumbent licensed services in the TV broadcast bands.”
 Reason: “There is a large, untapped market for broadband wireless
access in rural and other unserved/underserved areas where wired
infrastructure cannot be economically deployed. Products based on
this standard will be able to serve those markets, taking advantage of
the favorable propagation characteristics in the VHF and low UHF TV
bands and increase the efficiency of spectrum utilization in spectrum
REDES INALÁMBRICAS

currently allocated to, but unused by, the TV broadcast service.”

34

Tecnologías 4G: las ultimas novedades

MIC 2008/2009
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
35

Tecnologías 4G: las ultimas novedades

MIC 2008/2009
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
36

Tecnologías 4G: las ultimas novedades

MIC 2008/2009
REDES INALÁMBRICAS