Resistive

Circuits
 Resistance

 Different material allow charges to move within them with

different levels of ease. This physical property or ability to resist
current is known as resistance.

 The resistance of any material with a uniform cross-sectional area

A and length L is inversely proportional to A and directly
proportional to L.
 Resistance

 The constant of the proportionality is the resistivity of the material, i.e.,

 Ohm’s Law

 The voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the

current i flowing through the resistor. The proportionality constant
is the resistance of the resistor, i.e.,

 One can also write:

 Instantaneous power dissipated in a resistor

 Linear & Non-Linear Resistors

 In this course, we assume that all the elements that are designated
as resistors are linear (unless mentioned otherwise):
 Resistors (Fixed & Variable)

 Fixed resistors have a resistance that remains constants.

 Two common type of fixed resistors are:
1. Wirewound
2. composition (carbon film type)
 Fixed Resistor

 A common type of resistor that you will work with in your labs:
 It has 4 color-coded bands (3 for value and one for tolerance)
 How to read the value of the resistor?
 Variable Resistors

 Variable resistors have adjustable resistance and are typically

called potentiometer.
 Potentiometers have three terminals one of which is a sliding
contact or wiper.
 Conductance

 G=1/R is called the conductance of the element and is measured in

siemens (S) or mho.

 Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct current.

 Power Dissipation

 Since a resistor is a passive element, the power supplied to the

terminals is absorbed by the resistor.

 The current passes through the resistor and the energy absorbed is
dissipated by the resistor in the form of heat.
 Question

 In the circuit in Fig. determine the current and the power absorbed
by the resistor
 Solution

I = V/R = 12/2k = 6 mA
P = VI = (12) (6 ×10-3) = 0.072 W
P = I2R = (6 × 10-3)2(2k) = 0.072 W
P = V2/R = (12)2/(2K) = 0.072 W
 Short & Open Circuit

 A device with zero resistance is called short circuit and a device

with zero conductance (i.e., infinite resistance) is called open
circuit.
 Question

 The power absorbed by the 10-kΩ resistor in the following

circuit is 3.6 mW. Determine the voltage and the current in the
circuit.
 Question

 Given the following network, find R and VS.

 Question

 Given the following circuit, find the value of the voltage source
and the power absorbed by the resistance.
 Terminology

1. Node:
A point at which two or more elements have a common connection.

2. Loop:
A loop is simply any closed path through the circuit in which no node is encountered
more than once.

3. Branch:
A branch is a portion of a circuit containing only a single element and the nodes
at each end of the element.
 Terminology

1. Node:
A point at which two or more elements have a common connection.

2. Loop:
A loop is simply any closed path through the circuit in which no node is encountered
more than once.

3. Branch:
A branch is a portion of a circuit containing only a single element and the nodes
at each end of the element.
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

 Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887), a German physicist, stated two

basic laws concerning the relationship between the currents and
voltages in an electrical circuit.
KCL Law
The algebraic sum of the currents entering a node is zero.

 The current entering a node may be regarded as positive while

the currents leaving the node may be taken as negative or vice
versa.

iA+iB+(-iC)+(-iD)=0
iA+iB=iC+iD
 Question

 For the network shown in Fig. find the unknown currents in

the network.
 Solution

 Assuming the currents leaving the node are positive, the KCL
equations for nodes 1 through 4 are.

-I1+0.06+0.02= 0
I1-I4+I6=0
-0.06+I4-I5+0.04=0
-0.02+I5-0.03=0
Solving Above Equations We obtained;
I1= 80 mA; I4 = 70 mA; I5 = 50 mA; I6 = -10 mA
 Question

 Write the KCL equations for the circuit shown in Fig.

 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

KVL
The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero.
Or
Sum of voltage drops=Sum of voltage rises

-v1 + v2 - v3 = 0
 Question

 Consider the circuit shown in Fig. If VR1 = 18V and VR2 = 12 V;

find VR3.
 Solution

 Starting at point a in the network and traversing it in a clockwise

direction, we obtain the equation.
+VR1-5+VR2-15+VR3-30=0
+18-5+12-15+VR3-30=0
VR3=30+15-12+5-18
VR3 = 20 V
 Question

 Consider the network in Fig. Let us apply KVL to determine the

voltage between two points. i.e. Vae , Vec.
 Solution

 To determine Vae we can use the path aefa or abcdea.

Vae+10-24=0
16-12+4+6-Vae = 0
Vae = 14V
 To determine Vac we can use the path cdec or cefabc.
4+6+Vec=0
-Vec+10-24+16-12=0
Vec = -10 V
 Question

 Find Vad and Veb in the network in Fig.

Solution: Vad = 26 V ; Veb = 10 V

 Question

 Find Vbd in the network in Fig.

Solution: Vbd = 11 V
Some Interesting Implication of KCL

 A series connection of two different current sources is impossible.

Why?

 A parallel connection of two different voltage sources is

impossible. Why?
 Question

 Compute the power absorbed in each element for the circuit

shown in Fig.
 Solution

 Applying KVL around the loop

120+ VA = V30 +2VA
120+ VA -V30 -2VA= 0
As; VA= -15i ; V30= 30i
120-15i -30i -2(-15i) = 0
i=8A
 Computing the power absorbed by each element
P120v = (120)(-8) = -960 W
P30 = (8)2(30) = 1920 W
Pdep = (2VA)(8) = 2[(-15)(8)](8) = -1920 W
P15 = (-8)2(15) = 960 W
 Question

 In the circuit of Fig. find the power absorbed by each of the

five elements in the circuit.

 Solution: 0.768 W, 1.92 W, 0.2048 W, 0.1792 W, -3.072 W

 Question

 Find the voltage, current, and power associated with each

element in the circuit of Fig.
 Solution

120=i1+30+i2
As; i1=30V and i2 = 15V
120=30V+30+15V
V = 2 volt
i1=30 (2) =60 A and i2 = 15(2) = 30A
PR1 = 30(2)2 = 120 W
PR2 = 15(2)2 = 60 W
P120A = 120(-2) = -240 W
P30A = 30(2) = 60 W
 Question

 Determine v in the circuit of Fig.

 Solution : 50 V
 Question

 Determine the value of v and the power supplied by the

independent current source in Fig.
 Solution

i6 − 2ix − 0.024 − ix = 0
i6 = v / 6000 ; ix = -v / 2000
v / 6000 – 2(-v / 2000) – 0.024 – (-v / 2000) = 0
V = (600)(0.024) = 14.4 volt
P24 = 14.4(0.024) = 0.3456 W (345.6 mW)
 Question

 For the circuit of Fig. find iA, iB, and iC.

 Solution : 3 A; -5.4 A; 6 A
 Series Connection

 In general, circuit elements are in series when they are

sequentially connected end-to-end.
 Elements that are in series carry the same current.

Applying KVL Law to above Circuit

vs=v1+v2+···+vN
Applying Ohm law
vs = R1i + R2i + ··· + RNi = (R1 + R2 + ··· + RN)i
vs = Reqi
 Question

 For the circuit of Fig. find current i and the power delivered
by the 80 V source.
 Solution

Applying kVL
−80 + 10i − 30 + 7i + 5i + 20 + 8i = 0
-90 + 30i = 0
i=3A
P=80 V × 3 A = 240 W
 Question

 Determine i in the circuit of Fig.

 Solution: -333 mA
 Parallel Connection

 Two or more circuit elements are “in parallel” if they are

connected between the same two nodes.
 Consequently, parallel elements have the same voltage.
Applying KCL
is=i1+i2+···+iN
is = v / R1+ v / R2+··· v / RN
is = v (1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + ··· 1 / RN)
is = v / Req
 Question

 Calculate the power and voltage of the dependent source in

Fig.
Solution
 Solution (continued)

Applying KCL
-0.9i3 -2 + i3 + v/6 = 0
Where; v = 3i3
i3 = 10 / 3 A
Thus, the voltage across the dependent source is
v = 3i3 = 10 V
P = v × 0.9i3 = 10(0.9)(10/3) = 30 W
 Question

For the Circuit as shown in Fig. calculate the voltage vx

Solution: 2.819 V
 Voltage Division

 Voltage division is used to express the voltage across one of

several series resistors in terms of the voltage across the
combination.
 In Fig. the voltage across R2 is found via KVL and Ohm’s law:
v = v1 + v2 = iR1 + iR2 = i(R1 + R2)
i = v / (R1 + R2)
v2 = iR2 = v ×R2/ (R1 + R2)
Similarly ; v1 = v ×R1/ (R1 + R2)

 Voltage Divider: The above highlighted equations decribe the

voltage divider circuit i.e. the source voltage v(t) is divided
between the resistors and in direct proportion to their resistances.
 Question

 Determine vx in the circuit of Fig.

 Solution

Vx = [3 / (3+6)]×12 sint
Vx = 4 sint
 Question

 Use voltage division to determine vx in the circuit of Fig.

 Solution : 2 V
 Current Division

 Consider the following circuit.

The current flowing through R2 is

i2 = v / R2 = i (R1|| R2) / R2 = i (R1×R2) / R2(R1+R2)
i2 = i ×R1 /(R1+R2)
i1 = i ×R2 /(R1+R2)
 Question

 Write an expression for the current through the 3 ohm resistor

in the circuit of Fig.
`

Solution

 The total current flowing into the 3 ohm and 6 ohm combination is

i(t) = 12 sin t / 4+3||6

i(t) = 12 sin t / 4+2
i(t) = 2 sint
 Thus the desired current is given by current division:
i3(t) = (2 sint ) (6 / 6+3) = 4 / 3 sint
 Question

 In the circuit of Fig. use resistance combination methods and

current division to find i1, i2, and v3.

 Solution: 100 mA; 50 mA; 0.8 V

 Application Example

The heating elements of an electric range are frequently made of resistive nichrome
strips. Operation of the heating elements is quite simple. A current is passed through
the heating element causing it to dissipate power in the form of heat. Also, a four-
position selector switch, shown in Fig. controls the power (heat) output. In this case
the heating element consists of two nichrome strips modeled by the resistors R1 and
R2 and where R1 < R2.
1. How should positions A, B, C, and D be labeled with regard to high, medium,
low, and off settings?
2. If we desire that high and medium correspond to 2000 W and 1200 W power
dissipation, respectively, what are the values of R1 and R2?
3. What is the power dissipation at the low setting?
 Solution

 Position A is the off setting since no current flows to the heater elements.
 In position B, current flows through R2 only,
 while in position C current flows through R1 only.
 Since R1 < R2, more power will be dissipated when the switch is at position C. Thus, position C is the
medium setting.
 B is the low setting, and, by elimination, position D is the high setting.
 When the switch is at the medium setting, only R1 dissipates power, and we can write R1 as;
R1 = Vs2 / P1 = 2302 / 1200 = 44.08 ohm
 On the high setting, 2000 W of total power is delivered R1 to R2 and Since R1 dissipates 1200 W, R2
must disspate the remaining 800 W. Therefore, R2 is;
R2 = Vs2 / P2 = 2302 / 800 = 66.13 ohm
 Finally, at the low setting, only R2 is connected to the voltage source; thus, the power dissipation at
this setting is 800 W.
 Application Examle

 Have you ever cranked your car with the headlights on? While the
starter kicked the engine, you probably saw the headlights dim
then return to normal brightness once the engine was running on
its own. Can you create a model to predict this phenomenon?
 Solution

 Yes,it is possible. Consider the conceptual circuit in Fig.a and the model circuit in Fig.b.
 Note the resistor Rbatt is included to model several power loss that can occur between the
battery and the loads and is very small typically 25m ohm.
 When the starter is energized, a typical automobile starter draws 100 A.
 Finally, the headlights will draw much less current only 1 A.
 Assume first that the starter is off. By applying KCL at the node labeled VLwe find that the
voltage applied to the headlights can be written as;
VL= Vbatt – IHLRbatt = 11.75 V (very close to 12 V)
 Now we energize the starter and apply KCL again:
VL= Vbatt –(IHL+Istart)Rbatt = 9.25 V