ECONOMICS; POLITICAL SCIENCE; ANTHROPOLOGY;

PSYCHOLOGY; HISTORY
ECONOMICS is concerned with the activities of man related to the
production, consumption, and distribution of goods, services, and
wealth within a given society. It is about the allocation of the scarce
resources to satisfy the infinite material needs of man. While
Sociology deals intensively with human relationship within a social
system, Economics expounds deeply about the basic processes
needed in meeting the material needs of the people within that
social system.
PSYCHOLOGY is mainly interested in human behavior and mental
processes. It includes learning, human and personality development,
perception, emotion, cognition, motivation, creativity, personality
disorders and mental illnesses and how the individuals cope with
problems they face. If psychologists look at the cause of the human
behavior originating from the inner self of man, that includes his
intelligence, motivation, memory, hopes and fears; the Sociologists
considers the changes or abnormalities of human behavior as an effect
of the society on him.
POLITICAL SCIENCE is the study of power, authority, dominance and
subordination among members of society. It is also concerned with
political processes, power struggle, governments, voting patterns and
the nature of the voters. Sociology, on the other hand, is interested on
the deal with the social background of the voters, political persons,
activists, the distribution power, the political beliefs of the electorate,
the involvement of women in the politics and the participation of the
cultural minorities in political events and even the marginalized sectors
in the society which are now seeking sectoral representation in the
legislative body, called –the party list.
ANTRHOPOLOGY covers the physical, cultural, and social
anthropology. Physical anthropologists study a wide range of culture,
from primitive to modern, through the examination of artifacts and the
changes of human and non-human aspects of life. Cultural and social
anthropologists attempt to study tribes, subcultures or society as a
whole, while they actively participate in the activities of the community
that they are studying.
The main interest of Anthropology is to understand the culture of the
people in a given place, Sociology on the other hand, focuses more on
the society and its social processes.
HISTORY is primarily a written chronology of significant past events in
relation to the political, economic, social and cultural activities of the people.
Sociology makes use of data and information that are provided by historian
in order to analyze the situation that influence the behavior of the people in a
particular time in history. Likewise, in the search for the underlying forces
that influence human behavior, history uses the sociological data.
Both sociology and history look at events involving people from different
perspectives. Historians discuss events distinctly as there are different
people, places and occurrences. Each event is considered a unique event
by itself. Sociologists, however, look at all the events as a whole, not in
complete isolation –as they analyze the involvement of men that paved the
way to the occurrence of the event.
Evolutionary Theory of Society; Structural-Functional Theory;
Conflict Theory; Interaction theory; Exchange Theory
Proposed by HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)
He argued that society is like a biological organism. It started from a
simple unit and developed into a complex unit. The evolution was
progressive and just like Darwin’s Evolution’s Theory, natural selection was
a result of the so-called “survival of the fittest”. Thus, the strong society will
survive while the weak one will perish.
Supported by EMILE DURKHEIM, MAX WEBER, CHARLES COOLEY,
WILLIAM ISAAC THOMAS, and VILFREDO PARETO.
They believed that society has several interrelated and interdependent
parts and each part has a certain function. The parts are families,
neighborhoods, associations, schools, churches, government, countries,
etc. each part has to perform to maintain the balance; otherwise, if one
fails to function correctly, imbalance will occur. If imbalance persists for a
longer time, the social system may break down and the society will be in
chaos and sooner will collapse.
Supported by KARL MARX, CHARLES WRIGHT MILLS, LEWIS
COSER, and RALF DAHRENDORF.

They believed that society is in continuous struggle. Every society is

always competing with each other. The conflict needs to not to be violent
for instance, party politics, membership in a club or church organizations,
soft drinks market dominance, transport competition, etc.
Popularized by GEORGE HERBERT MEAD, ERVING GOFFMAN,
RICHARD SCHAEFER, and ROBERT LAMM.

They argued that society is reflected in every socialized individual and that
its external forms and structure are reflected through the social interactions
among individuals. It can also be said that the individual is reflected in the
society and the society is revealed in the individual. We can understand a
particular society because of the actions, languages, etc. of the individual
belonging to that kind of society or community and vice versa.
Proponents were GEORGE HOMANS and PETER BLAU.

They believed that the society is in mutual expectation with men and that
there is an equal reciprocation. The reward is proportionate to their costs. If
the exchange is unequal, it may result to the termination of relationship.
Here, man in the society is always in bargaining process, in negotiation, in
compromise, in arbitration in order to maintain the relationships and
interests.
TRIBAL PERIOD; SPANISH TIME; AMERICAN TIME
Human settlement was headed by Datu. He had a trifold power –executive,
legislative, and judicial.
Different names of society –a tribal community, Indigenous People’s Community,
Cultural Minority or Pamayanan or Katutubo community. It was dominated mostly
by men. Women had no power to govern in the community, unless they were
appointed because of their education or capacity.
The Pamayanan was a group of tribal family of around 50 families in their
makeshift dwellings. The leader was chosen by council of elders.
The tribal leader’s house was big and accommodates all the guests of the tribe.
It was also the place where domestic disputes were settled and major decisions
for the community are held.
Tribal Leader was the highest official and assisted by the council of elders in
running the community. Functions related to governance and laws came from the
datu.
Bagani was another prominent figure in the tribal community.
The Bagani or Baganis were in-charge of the peacekeeping and
security of the members. He was to protect the lives of the
members from the attacks of other tribes or group of bandits. He
stayed in the tree house to see in advance the people who were
coming in and also stayed late at night to provide security for the
people while they were sleeping . In some tribal communities,
Baganis were dreaded tribal members and they were said to
have an anting-anting (amulets) for their personal protection.
Bailan was also prominent figure in the tribal society. They were
in-charge of the religious aspect of the community. They
performed rituals for thanksgiving, petitions to the God and
intercessory prayers for the spirits and perform rituals for healing
and driving out evil spirits in the person or community.they were
called many names like Babaylan, Kataluna, Mumbaki, etc. They
were have an abyan –a friendly spirit like engkanto or dwende or
other unseen beings who helps them in performing their duties.
As bailan, they mediated between the material world and the
spiritual world. They received extra powers from their abyan.
Economics. The people in the tribal community lived through
fruits of their labor and from the abundance of nature around
them. They domesticated animals for food and ritual. The mot
common animal for rituals was the black pig and chicken.
Dwellings. Made up of light materials available around –usually
it was called balay for the Mangyan-Alangan; rifuy for the Ifugao
of Mayoyao; payag for Kamayo, Manobo, Mandaya and
Mansaka.
Like any other cultural minorities, if one went inside the house of
the Mangyan, one had to find a little open space for the members
of the family to lie down at night, the cooking place, a little space
for their clothes, it kept in a bag or bayong, a pair of knife, a
number of plastic plates, glasses, and a container or pale as a
water storage. They used kerosene gas lamp to light the house at
night. They used firewood in cooking.
In Pamayanan, there was no electricity. The Mangyan balay did
not have a toilet. When need to dispose came, one had to go to
the forest or grassland. Mostly, their place is unaccessible to
vehicle.
In southern part of Mindanao, a confederation of tribal
communities was called sultanate. The sultan was the political
figure and settled any disputes over the tribes. He had no direct
power of governance over the tribe. In other tribal groups, there
was also a political set up like the Muslims of Midanao. The
famous sultan in Mindanao was Sultan Kudarat.
It is true that political settings of Muslims were more advance
because of the so-called Kingdom state. The King or the Rajah
was the political head of the Kingdom state. Some of them were:
Rajah Siago, Rajah Humabon, Rajah Sikatuna, Rajah Sulayman,
and Rajah Baginda.
The Spanish Civil authorities imposed the political organization
and defined its juridical power from National, Provincial, City,
Town and Barrio. The Gobernador y Capitan Heneral was the
head of the crown colony of Spain –the Philippines; the
Gobernador was in-charge of the Provincial governance; the City
belonged to the Gobernadorcillo; the town was headed by the
Alcalde Mayor while the Barrio, the smallest political unit was
headed by the cabeza Del barrio.
The creation of Pueblos as political and religious classifications
of people was one of the contributions of the Spaniards. Those
who were close to the centers were elite people, either Insulares
or Peninsularis. Next to them were the Filipino illustrados, the
wealthy and learned people who were also given a chance to
become a civil official as high as Alcalde Mayor.
As one was away from the center, he considered himself as less
privileged and fortunate from the crown of the king. That is why
those who refuse to submit to the authorities of the Spaniards,
went into the mountains and stayed there for the rest of their
lives.
The establishment of Pueblos led to the clamor for one and united
people under one national leader. The Filipinos since then began to
think of an identity peculiar to them as a country. The advocacies of
the La Liga Filipina and even the radical approach of Katipunan
strongly affirmed to the cry to be set free and be one independent
country. There were many resistance and the move did not succeed.
Culturally, the people had imbibed the religious practices of the
Spaniards and their lifestyles. From their native beliefs and/or from
Islamic religious traditions, many of the people embraced the new
religion –Christianity. The Filipinos learned to act, to live, to socialize
the way the Spaniards did.
Along this period, many Filipinos had been Hispanized –being
socially adaptive, assimilated and acculturated with the new and
so-called “superior culture” of the Spaniards.
In architecture, native house became the Bahay-na-bato. The
simple transports were a wooden banca and horse as kalesa and
the coal-drive steamer.
During this period, the Philippine societies became acquainted
with the new idea like, Freedom, Democracy, Protestantism,
Public Education and etc. In the early days of the American
occupation, the Filipinos were delighted with Chocolates, Jeans,
Shirts and Jackets, Burger, Sandwiches and Sausages.
Through globalization, more Filipinos are working overseas and send
about 10.7 billion dollars in 2005, back to their families or relatives in
the Philippines. This is seemingly a huge money but remember this
year, 2014 our population has reached 100 million.
The majority of the Filipinos believe that globalization has brought
about problems and conflicts rather than changes. Globalization has
not reduced the poverty level as well as increased labor force for job
opportunities. The most common remarks in the job market is
mismatch, meaning, the job applicant cannot hired because his skill
and educational preparation do not simply satisfy the job
qualifications. Thus, there are many job applicants alongside with
many job openings yet very few can be hired and get a job.
In the Philippines, you have to adopt the accent of the western
people when you are conversing with them and live according to
their time –that is how our call center agents live. This is the most
explicit effect of globalization.
Globalization makes us think that we are one, though we are
different; we are near though we are far, we have commonalities
though we are diversified; we are friends though we have not met
each other ever since –we just are virtual friends. The
technological gadget that makes us connected to everyone
around the world is the internet and this product is the globalized
person.