•The systematic investigation

into and study of materials

and sources in order to
establish facts and reach
new conclusions.
• Research is a process of systematic inquiry that
entails collection of data; documentation of critical
information; and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, in accordance with suitable
methodologies set by specific professional fields
and academic disciplines.
• Research is conducted to evaluate the validity of a
hypothesis or an interpretive framework; to
assemble a body of substantive knowledge and
findings for sharing them in appropriate manners;
and to generate questions for further inquiries.
Contains the paper's title,
the author's name, address,
phone number, e-mail, and
the day's date.
Often only 100 to 300 words,
the abstract generally provides
a broad overview and is never
more than a page. It describes
the essence, the main theme of
the paper. It includes the
research question posed, its
significance, the methodology,
and the main results or findings.
An introduction is the first paragraph of a
written research paper, or the first thing you say in
an oral presentation, or the first thing people see,
hear, or experience about your project.
The introduction gives the reader the beginning of
the piece of thread so they can follow it.
The main purpose of
the INTRODUCTION is to give a
description of the problem that will be
addressed. In this section the researcher
might discuss the nature of the research,
the purpose of the research,
the significance of the research problem,
and the research question(s) to be
addressed.
A statement of the problem is
used in research work as a claim
that outlines
the problem addressed by a study.
A good research problem should
address an existing gap in
knowledge in the field and lead to
further research.
The limitations of a study are
its flaws or shortcomings which
could be the result of
unavailability of resources, small
sample size, flawed
methodology, etc. No study is
completely flawless or inclusive
of all possible aspects.
Research methodology is the specific
procedures or techniques used to
identify, select, process, and analyze
information about a topic. In
a research paper,
the methodology section allows the
reader to critically evaluate
a study's overall validity and
reliability.
In a nutshell, qualitative research generates “textual
data” (non-numerical). Quantitative research, on the
contrary, produces “numerical data” or information that
can be converted into numbers.
Qualitative research is considered to be particularly
suitable for exploratory research (e.g. during the pilot
stage of a research project, for example). It is primarily
used to discover and gain an in-depth understanding of
individual experiences, thoughts, opinions, and trends, and
to dig deeper into the problem at hand.
EXAMPLES:
1. Ethnography
2. Narrative
3. Phenomenological
4. Grounded Theory
5. Case Study
Simply put, quantitative research is all about numbers and figures. It is used
to quantify opinions, attitudes, behaviors, and other defined variables with the
goal to support or refute hypotheses about a specific phenomenon, and
potentially contextualize the results from the study sample in a wider
population (or specific groups).
As quantitative research explicitly specifies what is measured and how it is
measured in order to uncover patterns in – for example – behavior,
motivation, emotion, and cognition, quantitative data collection is considered
to be much more structured than qualitative methods.
EXAMPLES:
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-
Experimental
4. Experimental Research.
A literature review is a scholarly
paper, which includes the current
knowledge including substantive
findings, as well as theoretical and
methodological contributions to a
particular topic. Literature
reviews are secondary sources, and
do not report new or original
experimental work.
The body is the largest part of
a research paper; in it you collect
and arrange evidence that will
persuade the reader of your
argument. It should, therefore, have a
logical organization. If the paper is
long, it is a good idea to partition
the body into sections using headings
and sub-headings.
This is generally the longest part of the paper. It's where
the author supports the thesis and builds the argument. It
contains most of the citations and analysis. This section
should focus on a rational development of the thesis with
clear reasoning and solid argumentation at all points. A
clear focus, avoiding meaningless digressions, provides the
essential unity that characterizes a strong education
paper.
After spending a great deal of time and
energy introducing and arguing the points
in the main body of the paper, the
conclusion brings everything together and
underscores what it all means.
A conclusion is, in some ways, like your
introduction. You restate your thesis and
summarize your main points of evidence
for the reader. You can usually do this in
one paragraph.
Appendices can consist of
figures, tables, maps,
photographs, raw data,
computer programs,
musical examples, interview
questions, sample questionnaires,
etc.
A bibliography is a list of works
on a subject or by an author that
were used or consulted to write
a research paper, book or article.
It can also be referred to as a list
of works cited. It is usually found
at the end of a book, article
or research paper.