Valves - Primery Lesson

Ball check valves in vertical lines
Angle stop check valve with inlet flow in the horizontal

Gate valve in a flare line with the spindle vertically up
Swing check valve in a vertical line with flow down
Swing check valve for a 36” Class 600 pipeline application
Is there a common theme here?

PIPING ENGINEERING
PRIMER ON PIPING VALVES
Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

TOPICS
• What is a Valve?
• Valve Categories
• Commonly Used Valves
• Types of Butterfly Valves
• Types of Check Valves
• Valve Parts
• Valve Ends
• Valve Bonnets
• Valve Operators
• Valve Materials
• Valve Seat Leakage
• Inspection, Examination
and Testing of Valves
• Fire-Safe and Fire-Proof
• Valves for Flare Service
• Valve Orientation
• Valve Standards

What is a Valve?
Valve is a mechanical device that is used to

manipulate the flow of materials by opening,
closing, or partially obstructing passageways.
Valves are used in a variety of applications,

including industrial, military, commercial,
residential and transportation.
Most valves are operated manually. Some valves

are self-operating, driven by changes in pressure,
temperature or flow.
Valve sizes can range from 0.25” to as high as

200”.
Valve prices can range from a few dollars to

several thousands per valve.

Valve Categories
On/Off Valves
An On/Off Valve is used to start or stop flow.
The basic requirement of an On/Off Valve is to
offer minimum resistance to flow in the open
position, and provide tight shutoff when fully
closed.
On/Off Valves include:

•Gate
•Y-Globe
•Ball
•Butterfly
•Plug
•Diaphragm

Valve Categories
On/Off Valves
Gate Y-Globe Ball Butterfly Plug Diaphragm

Valve Categories
Regulating Valves
As the name implies, these valves are used to regulate
the flow of fluid.
Regulating Valves include:

Globe
Needle
Butterfly
Ball
Plug
Diaphragm

Valve Categories
Non-Return Valves
Non-Return Valves or check valves are generally used

for the prevention of back-flow.
These valves are self-actuating – the valve’s disc is kept

open by the forward flow of fluid and closed as the flow
reverses.

Valve Categories
Multi-Port Valves
Multi-Port Valves generally allow the diversion of fluids

from a single flow line to one or more outlets.
These valves lead to more

compact and economical
piping arrangements.

Valve Categories
Multi-Port Valves

Valve Categories
Double Block and Bleed Valves
Generally used for product

segregation, and positive
isolation.

Valve Categories
Stop Check Valves
This valve combines the function of a stop (on/off) valve

and a check valve.

Valve Comparison
Advantages Disadvantages
• Typically has a low-pressure drop, • Cannot provide zero leakage across the wedge.
inexpensive and relatively easy to • Becomes bulky in large diameters.
maintain. • Long stroke, takes longer to open.
• Does not handle throttling applications very well,
because of inadequate control characteristics.
Gate • Difficult to open against extremely high pressure drops
• Can handle throttling applications, • Much higher pressure drop than a gate valve.
frequent stroking, and wide temperature • In higher sizes it can weigh considerably more than a
Globe extremes. rotary valve and is much more costly.
• Can be closed or opened quickly against flow given • Extremely bulky in larger diameters.
its inherent quarter turn design. • Expensive in large diameters, and when metal-to-
• Minimal pressure loss when fully opened. metal seats are required.
• Zero leakage.
• Inherent self-cleaning action is ideal for slurries and
Ball processes with particulates.
• Quarter Turn • Limited to Class 900 & below

• Zero leakage available. • Full bore opening not available because of the
• Economical in higher sizes disc in the flow path and hence cannot be used
• Space and weight savings in higher sizes in lines to be pigged.
• Eliminates platforming for operating in higher sizes,
Butterfly because of the lower elevation of handwheel.
• Can be used as a stop valve or as a regulating valve. • Takes up more space than either gate or globe
• Pressure drop lower than a conventional globe valve. valve.
• Offers tighter shut off than a gate valve. • Takes longer to open or close because of longer
Y-Globe travel of the disc.

Types of Butterfly Valves
Butterfly Valve for Low Pressure and/or Ambient Temperature Service
This is ideally suited for fire protection, water treatment, and cooling water systems.

High Performance Butterfly Valve (Double Offset)
Used for low pressure to medium pressure (Class 150 - 300)

hydrocarbons, steam, and other process applications
The double offset creates a camming effect as the disc swings into
and out of the seat. The disc lifts out of the seat in the first few
degrees of travel and minimizing contact between seat and disc.
The result is a lower operating torque and extended seat life

Triple Offset, Zero Leakage Butterfly Valve
Used for medium pressure to high pressure (up to and including Class 900) hydrocarbons, steam, and
other process applications, for temperatures up to 1200 F.
Provides a bi-directional bubble tight shut-off, as the disc seal contacts the body only at the final shut-
off position. This eliminates rubbing or galling, and provides a torque generated resilient seal and
uniform seal contact.

Types of Check Valves
LIFT CHECK VALVE
Ball or piston is held open during normal flow. As flow

slows or stops, the ball or piston closes the opening
preventing flow from reversing.
Ball check valves are ideal for dirty or viscous liquids, as

the entire surface of the ball can be used as a sealing
element. Spherical surface is kept clean as ball rotates
with flow. Piston Lift Check
Piston can accumulate

particulates and affect sealing
capabilities.
Check Valve External Ball Lift Check

SWING CHECK VALVE
Flapper is held open during normal flow condition,

closes shut if the flow reverses or stops.
Easy to maintain, self closing.
In larger sizes the flapper becomes very heavy, which

can cause slamming and waterhammer problems.

DUAL PLATE CHECK VALVE
Dual plate check valve is lighter, smaller, more

efficient, less expensive, and has better non-slam
characteristics than a conventional swing check valve.
Two springs mounted on flapper plates assist the plates

in closing when the flow stops and begins to reverse.

TILTING DISC CHECK VALVE
Tilting Disc Check Valve is similar to the swing check valve, except that the hinge pin
(from which the disc swings) is lowered. This decreases the travel of the disc, thereby
reducing slamming and waterhammer effects.

NOZ-CHECK OR SILENT CHECK VALVE
Noz check or silent check valve is designed for fast reversing systems
where backflow is a constant concern.
Normally used downstream of reciprocating pumps and compressors.

Types of Check Valves and Their Applications
Advantages Disadvantages Applications

• Wear on body seat and check element • High pressure drop • Class 600-1500 service
Ball Lift evenly distributed • Available only in small sizes • Sizes NPS ¼ thru 2
• Long service life • Water, steam, refining petrochemical, chemical, etc
• Valves with spring can be mounted in • Service where scale and sediment exist.
any orientation • Viscous fluids
• Low cost
• Very low pressure drop in inclined • Relatively high pressure drop • Class 300-4500 service
Piston Lift bonnet valves in 90° bonnet valves. • Sizes NPS ¼ thru 24
• Min. chatter due to flow disturbances • Subject to “sticking” in very • High temperature steam and water
• Good seat tightness dirty systems • Refining, petrochemical, chemical, etc
• Valves with spring can be mounted in • Oilfield production
any orientation • Can be used in series with Tilting Disk Check to
provide max line protection
• Larger valves incorporate an external equalizer
• Low pressure drop • Not recommended for large • Class 150-1500 service
Swing Check • Straight through body design sizes (>14 NPS) as the valve • Sizes NPS 2 thru 36
• Used for most fluids, including dirty weight increases with the disc
and viscous fluids. size and also it takes longer to
close the valve
• Does not have good non-slam
characteristics.
Dual Plate • Reduced weight and cost • Generally not recommended for • Class 150-900 service
• Reduced line shock piping of reciprocating pumps • Sizes NPS 2 thru 60
• Minimizes disk slamming and water- and compressors
hammer effects
• Spring accelerates closing speed
• Very low pressure drop • Not recommended for service • Class 600-4500 service
Tilting Disk • Straight through body design. with rapidly fluctuating flow • Sizes NPS 2 ½ thru 24
• Very fast closing • Seat tightness may deteriorate • High temperature steam and water
• Minimizes disk slamming and water- at low differential pressure • Refining, petrochemical, chemical, etc
hammer effects • Oilfield production
• Will not “stick” in dirty systems • Can be used in series with Piston Lift Check or
Stop-Check to provide max line protection

Check Valve Considerations
The orientation of check valves must always be given consideration as gravity plays an important role in
how a check valve functions.
• Piston and ball-check valves must always be placed in the horizontal unless
the valve is spring loaded.
• Swing checks must be located to ensure that the disk will always be
closed freely and positively by gravity.
To minimize disk fluttering and thereby extend valve life,

check valves must be sized to ensure that the fluid
velocity under normal design conditions is sufficient to
keep the disk fully open.
For better performance, a minimum of 10 diameters of

straight pipe must be provided upstream and two
diameters downstream of a check valve.
In high pressure (Class 1500-2500) applications

where 2 check valves may be required in series,
using a Piston Lift Check or Stop-Check in
conjunction with a Tilting Disc Check provides
maximum line protection

Valve Parts
1. Body and Bonnet

Main vessel or casing that contains the fluid flowing through the valve. Valve bodies
are usually metallic.
2. Bonnet
The bonnet acts as a cover on the valves body. This is provided to access the
internal parts of a valve for assembly and maintenance.
3. Ports
Integral to the valve body are the passages that allow flow into and out of the
valve. These are called ports. These ports are obstructed or opened up by the
valve disc to control the fluid flow.
4. Disc
Inside the valve body, flow through the valve may be partly or fully blocked by an
object called a disc or valve member. This can come in various shapes such as
disc shaped, plug or ball shaped.
5. Stem
The stem is a rod transmitting motion to control the internal disc from out the valve
6. Seat
The valve seat is the interior surface in the body which contacts the disc to form a seal, which should be leak tight when
the valve is shut. Seats can be integral to the valve body. Nearly all metal seated valves leak, even though some leaks
are extremely small. Soft seats can be fitted to the valve body. Such seats provide almost zero leakage.

Valve Parts
GATE VALVES API 600

Valve Parts
BALL VALVES API 608

Valve Parts
BUTTERFLY VALVES API 608
Excerpt taken from Velan TorqSeal Triple Offset Butterfly Valve catalogue [VEL-BF]

Valve Parts
CHECK VALVES API 594

Valve Ends
Socket Weld Ends

• For sizes NPS ½ to 2
• Used in ASME Class 150-2500 rating
• For hydrocarbons, steam, etc
Screwed Ends
• Generally used for low pressure,

benign services
• For air and water lines
Screwed/Socket Weld Ends

• Primarily for vents, drains and pressure connections
• For hydrocarbons, steam, etc

Valve Ends
Flanged Ends
• Generally for sizes NPS 2 and up
• For all services
Buttweld Ends
• Generally used for high pressure
applications
• For sizes NPS 2 and up
• Used in ASME Class 600-4500
rating
• For all services

Valve Bonnets
Screwed Bonnet
• Threaded bonnets are used in
smaller size valves for services such
as air and water
SCREWED BONNET
Welded Bonnet
• Welded bonnets are used in smaller
sizes for higher pressure
applications and difficult services
WELDED BONNET
Bolted Bonnet
• Most common type of bonnet design.
• Used in applications ranging from
Class 150 and above for all types of
services.
• In higher pressure ratings, valves
with bolted bonnets become very
bulky
SCREWED BONNET

Valve Bonnets
Pressure Seal Bonnet
Generally used in higher pressure applications

ranging from Class 900 and above
In some cases, it was found that pressure seal

valves with welding ends weighed only 40% as
much as flanged end valves with bolted
bonnets. PRESSURE SEAL BONNET
The pressure seal design seals better with

higher operating pressure. The bonnet is
forced up into the gasket with increasing
pressure, which in turn forces the gasket to
seal against the valve body.

Valve Operators
Lever Operation
Hand-Wheel Operation
Gear Operation
Chain-Wheel Operation
Lever Operation
Hand-Wheel Operation
Actuated Operation
Gear Operation
Actuated Operation Motor/Pneumatic Operation
Chain-Wheel Operation
Motor/Pneumatic Operation

Valve Operators
TABLE FOR GEAR OPERATION

Valve Materials
Excerpt taken
from Velan
Valves catalogue

Valve Materials
API TRIMS
Per API 600, trims include the stem, the gate seat
surfaces, the body (or seat ring) seat surfaces and the
backseat stem contact surface.
Commonly used API trims are 1, 5, 8, 10 and 12.

Valve Materials
SOFT SEAT MATERIAL TEMPERATURE LIMITS
Corresponding pressure ratings must be obtained from

valve manufacturers

Valve Seat Leakage
below

Inspection, Examination and Testing of Valves
Inspection – This is normally done by the

purchaser or an inspection agency appointed
by the purchaser.
Examination and Testing – These are done

by the manufacturer at its manufacturing
facility.

Examination and testing of valves generally includes the following:
Examination
Visual examination including examination of castings,

dimensional check, etc.
Examination of valve for compliance to valve specification
Pressure Test
Shell Test
Back Seat Test
Low Pressure Closure
High Pressure Closure
Pressure tests are generally in accordance with API 598

Supplementary Examination
Castings and forgings are subjected to Non-

Destructive Examinations (NDE) such as:
Magnetic Particle
Radiographic
Liquid Penetrant
Ultrasonic Examination
Supplementary Examination are generally in accordance with

ASME B16.34 part 8

Note on Non-Destructive Examinations (NDE)
Forgings are generally superior in overall strength

when compared to castings.
This is due to the fact that forgings have a more
uniform structure, greater density, and closer
dimensional tolerances.
The directional structure (flowlines) is superior from

an overall strength and stress standpoint against
castings.
Through the use of forgings, the radiographic

requirement for comparable Class 1 cast
components is eliminated. UT and MP or LP testing
in finished condition may be required.
Castings are radiographed in critical areas per

ASME B16.34 para 8.

PRESSURE TESTS API 598

DURATION OF REQUIRED TEST PRESSURE API 598
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LEAKAGE RATES API 598

Should Colt insist on inspection of valves in high pressure

applications or critical service, even if such valves are supplied
by an Owner’s Supplier of Choice?


Fire-Safe Valves and Fire-Proofing
The soft seals for seat and stem commonly used in ball and butterfly valves will
disintegrate if the valve is exposed to fire for a long enough period . If such valves
are used for flammable fluids, they must be designed so that loss of the soft seals
due to an external fire does not result in gross internal and external valve leakage.
Such designs provide emergency seals for seat and stem that come into operation
after the primary seals have failed.
The emergency seat seal may be

provided by a secondary metal seat in
close proximity to the ball, so that the
ball can float against the metal seat after
the soft seating rings have disintegrated.
The stuffing box may be fitted with an
auxiliary pure graphite packing, or the
packing may be made entirely of pure
graphite.
Numerous standards have been

established to cover fire-proofing of soft
seated valves. These include BS 5146,
API 607 and API RP 6F.

Fire-Safe Valves and Fire-Proofing
Certain valves in a plant must be operable in the event of a

fire. The reason may be that the flow of inventory must be
either diverted or stopped. Normally such valves must be
able to function for at least 30 minutes. These valves are
always actuated.
The items which would be affected by fire in such case

include the valve, the actuator and the power cable/
pneumatic signal cables.
The valves used in such cases must be of fire-safe

design.
Actuators and attached cables must be fire-proofed.

Fire-proofing is done by either fire-proof enclosure or by
spraying on mastic.
Normally valves are not fire-proofed.

Valves for Flare Service
Although there is no ideal valve type for flare service, gate valves are generally used.
The spindle of the gate valve must be positioned in the horizontal. This will
prevent the disc from blocking the flow pass in the event that disc breaks off from
stem.
Other suitable candidates could be a triple offset butterfly valve. However, this has yet
to gain major acceptance in the industry.
Although some clients may like to

use a knife gate valve for flare
applications because the wedge is
visible from outside when the
valve is open, it is not a good
option because knife gate valves
do not seal well under low
pressure conditions. Most flare
lines operate under low
pressures.

Valves Orientation
Valve in a Horizontal Line Valve in a Vertical Line Spindle Orientation
Gate
Not below the horizontal plane
Globe
Ball Yes Yes For valves in flare service,
Y-Globe spindle must be oriented in
Butterfly the horizontal
Lift Check Yes No N/A

(preferred orientation) (unless valve is spring loaded)
Piston Ball
Swing Check Yes Yes N/A

(provided flow is up)
Stop Check Yes No In the vertical plane, pointing up

Valve Standards
API – American Petroleum Institute

API 594 Check Valves: Wafer, Wafer-Lug, and Double Flanged Type
API 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
API 600 Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and
Natural Gas Industries
API 602 Compact Steel Gate Valves – Flanged, Threaded,
Welding, and Extended-Body Ends
API 603 Corrosion-Resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves –
Flanged and Butt Welding Ends
API 607 Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves
API 608 Metal Ball Valves – Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
API 609 Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type
ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME B16.34 Valves – Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
AWWA – American Society for Testing and Materials

AWWA C504 Rubber-Seated Butterfly Valves
MSS – Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and

Fittings Industry
MSS SP25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fitting, Flanges
and Unions

QUESTIONS?

FINI
Written and Presented by:
Vivake Raina
Acknowledgements:
Terence Fong
Martin Kock
for helping with preparation of this presentation

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Ball check valves in vertical lines

Angle stop check valve with inlet flow in the horizontal

Is there a common theme here?

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Valve is a mechanical device that is used to

Valves are used in a variety of applications,

Most valves are operated manually. Some valves

Valve sizes can range from 0.25” to as high as

Valve prices can range from a few dollars to

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

On/Off Valves include:

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Regulating Valves include:

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Non-Return Valves or check valves are generally used

These valves are self-actuating – the valve’s disc is kept

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Multi-Port Valves generally allow the diversion of fluids

These valves lead to more

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Double Block and Bleed Valves

Generally used for product

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Stop Check Valves

This valve combines the function of a stop (on/off) valve

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

• Quarter Turn • Limited to Class 900 & below

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Butterfly Valve for Low Pressure and/or Ambient Temperature Service

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

High Performance Butterfly Valve (Double Offset)

Used for low pressure to medium pressure (Class 150 - 300)

The result is a lower operating torque and extended seat life

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Triple Offset, Zero Leakage Butterfly Valve

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

LIFT CHECK VALVE

Ball or piston is held open during normal flow. As flow

Ball check valves are ideal for dirty or viscous liquids, as

Piston can accumulate

Check Valve External Ball Lift Check

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

SWING CHECK VALVE

Flapper is held open during normal flow condition,

Easy to maintain, self closing.

In larger sizes the flapper becomes very heavy, which

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

DUAL PLATE CHECK VALVE

Dual plate check valve is lighter, smaller, more

Two springs mounted on flapper plates assist the plates

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

TILTING DISC CHECK VALVE

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

NOZ-CHECK OR SILENT CHECK VALVE

Normally used downstream of reciprocating pumps and compressors.

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Primer on Piping Valves Jul 2008 Piping Engineering Department - Toronto

To minimize disk fluttering and thereby extend valve life,

For better performance, a minimum of 10 diameters of