FREQUENCY

MODULATION
CHARMAINE H. LINESES
ELISHA MARI C. BAHIA
ALBEN JANSEN H. DELEN
SYSTEM OF COMMUNICATION
MODULATION

The process of shifting the frequency spectrum

of a message signal to a frequency range in which
more efficient transmission can be achieved.
Advantages:
1. Noise reduction
2. Improved system fidelity
3. More efficient use of power

Disadvantages:
1. Requiring a wide bandwidth
2. Complex circuit for transmitter and receiver
FREQUENCY MODULATION

A system in which the amplitude of the carrier

signal is kept constant while its frequency is varied in
accordance with the amplitude of the modulating
signal.
REPRESENTATION OF FM IN TIME DOMAIN
Carrier = A sin 2fc t
A
Info Signal = sin 2fm t
1

t
t

Note: f m << f c

FM signal = A sin (2fc t + m sin2 fm t )

freq> fC freq< fC

freq= fC
MODULATION INDEX FOR FM
o ratio of frequency deviation to the modulating frequency.
o less than 1
∆𝑓
𝑚=
𝑓𝑚

DEVIATION RATIO
o maximum carrier frequency shift divided by the maximum frequency of the
modulating signal.
∆𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑅 =
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
FREQUENCY DEVIATION
o relative displacement of the carrier frequency in respect to its unmodulated
value
o peak frequency shift
(carrier swing – twice to that of the frequency shift)
o is proportional to the peak modulating signal
∆𝑓 ∝ 𝑉𝑚
∆𝑓 = 𝐾𝑉𝑚
PERCENTAGE MODULATION(M)

o ratio of the actual frequency deviation over the

maximum deviation of the FM generated signal.

M = ∆f(actual)/∆f(max)
GENERAL EQUATION OF FM SIGNAL
𝐾′𝑉𝑚
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos[𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + sin ω𝑚 𝑡]
𝑤𝑚
𝐾𝑉𝑚
Or 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos[𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + sin ω𝑚 𝑡]
𝑓𝑚

Or 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos[𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 sin ω𝑚 𝑡]

K – deviation sensitivity for FM, in Hz/volt

BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENT (BW)
Carson’s Rule
o states that the FM bandwidth is equal to twice the sum of the frequency
deviation and the modulating frequency.
𝐵𝑊 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚)

For a narrowband FM
𝐵𝑊 ≅ 2𝑓𝑚
For a wideband FM
𝐵𝑊 ≅ 2∆𝑓
TYPES OF FM MODULATOR
oVaractor diode oscillator: This method simply requires the use of a varactor
diode placed within the tuned circuit of an oscillator circuit. It is even possible
to use a varactor diode within a crystal oscillator circuit. Typically when crystal
oscillators a re used the signal needs to be multiplied in frequency, and only
narrow band FM is attainable.
oPhase locked loop: Phase locked loops provide an excellent method of
generating frequency modulation. It is often necessary to manage the
constraints within the loop carefully but once done it provides and excellent
solution.
VARACTOR DIODES OSCILATOR
PHASE LOCKED LOOP
FM DEMODULATION

The process of shifting the spectrum back to the

original baseband frequency range and reconstructing the
original form if necessary.
TYPES OF FM DEMODULATION
oSlope detection: This is a very simple form of FM demodulation and it relies
on the selectivity of the receiver itself to provide the demodulation. It is not
particularly effective and is not used except when the receiver does not have
an FM capability.
oRatio detector: This type of detector was one that was widely used when
discrete components were used in transistor radios. The ratio detector required
the use of a transformer that had a third winding to produce an additional
signal which was phase shifted for the demodulation process. The ratio
detector used two diodes along with a few resistors and capacitors.
oPhase locked loop demodulator: It is possible to use a phase locked loop to
demodulate FM. The PLL FM detector provides excellent performance and
does not require many, if any adjustments in manufacture.
oFoster Seeley FM : In the days when radio used discrete components, this was
the other main contender for the FM demodulator in radios.
oQuadrature detector: The quadrature FM detector is now widely used in FM
radio ICs. It is easy to implement and provides excellent levels of
performance. The quadrature . coincidence form of FM demodulator is very
easily incorporated into an integrated circuit and can be added with virtually
no additional cost. This makes it a very attractive option for modern receiver
designs.
SLOPE DETECTOR
RATIO DETECTOR
 The transformer enables the circuit to detect changes in the frequency
of the incoming signal. It has three windings. The primary and secondary act in the
normal way to produce a signal at the output. The third winding is un-tuned and the
coupling between the primary and the third winding is very tight, and this
means that the phasing between signals in these two windings is the same.
The primary and secondary windings are tuned and lightly coupled. This
means that there is a phase difference of 90° between the signals in these
windings at the centre frequency. If the signal moves away from the centre
frequency the phase difference will change. In turn the phase difference
between the secondary and third windings also varies. When this occurs the
voltage will subtract from one side of the secondary and add to the other
causing an imbalance across the resistors R1 and R2. As a result this causes a current
to flow in the third winding and the modulation to appear at the output.
FOSTER SEELEY DETECTOR
PLL DEMODULATOR
QUADRATURE DEMODULATOR
ADVANTAGES OF FM
1. Resilience to noise
2. Easy to apply modulation at a low power stage of the transmitter
3. It is possible to use efficient RF amplifiers with frequency modulated signals
4. FM has poorer spectral efficiency than some other modulation formats
5. Requires more complicated demodulator
6. Some other modes have higher data spectral efficiency
7. Sidebands extend to infinity either side
FM GENERATION
- ∆f ∆f

fc - ∆f fc fc + ∆f

𝑣𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑚 𝑡

Vm
-Vm
FM BAND ALLOCATION