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2015 Ch2 Transmission - Foundations
2015 Ch2 Transmission - Foundations
Comminication
2.5 Multiplexing
Signals For Conveying Information
• Periodic signal:
the same signal
pattern repeats
over time.
Time Domain Concepts
• Periodic signal:
Mathematically, a signal s(t) is defined to be periodic
if and only if
s(t+T)=s(t) -∞<t<+∞
Where the constant T is the period of the signal (T should be
the smallest value that satisfies the equation).
• Otherwise, a signal is aperiodic: analog or
digital signal pattern that doesn't repeat over
time
Time Domain Concepts
• Sine wave is the fundamental periodic analog signal.
– Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or strength of the
signal over time; typically measured in volts
– Frequency (f )
• Rate, in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) at which the signal repeats
– Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one repetition of
the signal. Equivalent parameter of f.
• T = 1/f
– Phase () - measure of the relative position in time within a
single period of a signal.
Time Domain Concepts
– Wavelength () - distance occupied by a single cycle of
the signal
• Or, the distance between two points of corresponding phase of two
consecutive cycles
• General sine wave
s(t ) = A sin(2ft + )
Time Domain Concepts
This figure shows the effect of varying each of the three parameters
(a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, = 0; thus T = 1s (b) Reduced peak amplitude; A=0.5
(c) Increased frequency; f = 2, thus T = ½ (d) Phase shift; = /4 radians (45 degrees)
[Review Questions]
– Differentiate between an analog and a digital
electromagnetic signal.
– What are the three important characteristics of a
periodic signal?
– How many radians are there in a complete circle of
360 degrees?
– What is the relationship between the wavelength
and frequency of a sine wave?
Cellular Systems
Wireless LANs
Lecture 1 Review Wireless applications:
WiMAX
Wireless
Satellite systems:
Systems
History and future Paging Systems
Coverage regions:
Bluetooth
WhatSpectral auctions
is wireless communications?
Ultrawideband radios
Free to use Official standard
Zigbee radios
CurrentUnderlay
wireless systemEnsuring
system interoperability
Public standard
Spectrum and standards
Technique challenges
Signals for Conveying Information
Time Domain Concepts
- Analog signal
- Digital signal
- Periodic signal
Frequency Domain Concepts
• In practice, an electromagnetic
signal will be made up of
many frequencies. For
example,
s( t ) (4 / ) (sin( 2ft ) (1 / 3) sin( 2 (3f ) t ))
[Review Questions]
– What is the frequency components of the square
wave with amplitudes A and –A?
– What is the relationship between absolute
bandwidth and effective bandwidth
– What is the relationship between a signal’s
spectrum and its bandwidth?
Outline
2.5 Multiplexing
Analog and Digital Transmissions
• Analog Signals
– A continuously varying electromagnetic wave that may be
propagated over a variety of media, depending on
frequency
– Examples of media:
• Copper wire media (twisted pair and coaxial cable)
• Fiber optic cable
• Atmosphere or space propagation (wireless)
– Analog signals can propagate analog and digital data
Analog and Digital Signaling
• Analog signals can represent and hence
propagate analog and digital data.
• Digital Signals
– A sequence of voltage pulses that may be
transmitted over a copper wire medium
– Generally cheaper than analog signaling
– Less susceptible to noise interference
– Suffer more from attenuation (next page)
– Digital signals can propagate analog and digital
data
Analog and Digital Signaling
• Analog Transmission
– Transmit analog signals without regard to content
– Attenuation limits length of transmission link
– Cascaded amplifiers boost signal’s energy for longer
distances but cause distortion
• Analog data can tolerate distortion
• Introduces errors in digital data
Analog and Digital Transmission
• Digital Transmission
– Concerned with the content of the signal
– Attenuation endangers integrity of data
– Can be propagated only a limited distance.
– Digital Signal
• Repeaters are used to achieve greater distance
• Repeaters recover the signal and retransmit
Analog and Digital Transmission
Review Questions
[Review Questions]
– What is the relationship between data and signal?
– How many data and signal combinations are there?
Explain the reason for choosing a particular
combination?
– What is the difference between analog and digital
transmission?
Outline
2.5 Multiplexing
Channel Capacity
• Nyquist Bandwidth
– Consider a channel that is noise free, the limitation
on data rate is simply the bandwidth
– If the rate of signal transmission is 2B, then a
signal with frequencies no greater than B is
sufficient to carry the signal rate.
– Given a bandwidth of B, the highest signal rate
that can be carried is 2B.
– This limitation is due to the effect of intersymbol
interference.
Channel Capacity
• [Conclusions]
– By increasing the SNR, the capacity could be
increased
– By increasing the bandwidth, the capacity may be
increased, but there is a limitation because the
noise power is relative to bandwidth as well.
Channel Capacity
C 2 B log 2 M
8 106 2 106 log 2 M
4 log 2 M
M 16
Channel Capacity
[Example] What is the channel capacity for a channel with a
300Hz bandwidth and a signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB?
[Solution] C B log 1 SNR 300 log (1 3)
2 2
600 b / s
[Example] Given a channel with an intended capacity of
20Mbps, the bandwidth of the channel is 3MHz. What signal-
to-noise ratio is required to achieve this capacity?
C B log 2 1 SNR 3 MHz log 2 (1 SNR)
[Solution]
20 Mbps
SNR 2 20 3 1
Review Questions
[Review Questions]
– Define channel capacity.
– What is the relationship among data rate, noise and
error rate?
– What key factors affect channel capacity?
– What is the relationship and difference between
the works of Shannon and Nyquist on channel
capacity?
Outline
2.5 Multiplexing
Transmission Media
• Transmission Medium
– Physical path between transmitter and receiver
• Guided Media
– Waves are guided along a solid medium
– E.g., copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, optical fiber
• Unguided Media
– Provides a means of transmission but does not guide
electromagnetic signals
– Usually referred to as wireless transmission
– E.g., atmosphere, outer space
Transmission Media
• Terrestrial Microwave
– Description of common microwave antenna
• Parabolic "dish", 3 m in diameter
• Fixed rigidly and focuses a narrow beam
• Achieves line-of-sight transmission to receiving antenna
• Located at substantial heights above ground level
– Applications
• Long haul telecommunications service
• Short point-to-point links between buildings
Transmission Media
• Satellite Microwave
– Description of communication satellite
• Microwave relay station
• Used to link two or more ground-based microwave
transmitter/receivers
• Receives transmissions on one frequency band (uplink), amplifies
or repeats the signal, and transmits it on another frequency
(downlink)
– Applications
• Television distribution
• Long-distance telephone transmission
• Private business networks
Transmission Media
• Broadcast Radio
– Description of broadcast radio antennas
• Omnidirectional
• Antennas not required to be dish-shaped
• Antennas need not be rigidly mounted to a precise alignment
– Applications
• Broadcast radio
– VHF and part of the UHF band; 30 MHZ to 1GHz
– Covers FM radio and UHF and VHF television
Review Questions
[Review Questions]
– Differentiate between guided media and unguided media.
– What are some major advantages and disadvantages of
microwave transmission?
– Why must a satellite have distinct uplink and downlink
frequencies?
– Indicate some significant differences between broadcast
radio and microwave.
Outline
2.5 Multiplexing
Multiplexing
[Review Questions]
– Why is multiplexing so cost-effective?
– How is interference avoided by using frequency
division multiplexing?
– Explain how synchronous time division
multiplexing (TDM) works?
Appendix A: Decibles
PowerW
PowerdB 10 lg
1W
Appendix A: Decibles