Varberg, Calculus 9e

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Chapter 3: Applications of
the Derivative

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 Section 3

Applications of the Derivative

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Maxima and Minima

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Where Do Extreme Values Occur?

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Where Do Extreme Values Occur?
• If c is a point at which ƒ’(c)=0, we call c a stationary point.
The name derives from the fact that at a stationary point the
graph of ƒ levels off, since the tangent line is horizontal.
Extreme values often occur at stationary points (see Figure 5).

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Where Do Extreme Values Occur?
• Finally, if c is an interior point of I where ƒ’ fails to exist, we
call c a singular point. It is a point where the graph of ƒ has a
sharp corner, a vertical tangent, or perhaps takes a jump, or
near where the graph wiggles very badly. Extreme values can
occur at singular points (Figure 6)

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Where Do Extreme Values Occur?
• These three kinds of points (end points, stationary points, and
singular points) are the key points of max-min theory. Any
point of one of these three types in the domain of a function ƒ
is called a critical point of ƒ.

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What are the Extreme Values?
• Step 1:
– Find the critical points of  on I.

• Step 2:
– Evaluate  at each of these critical points. The largest of
these values is the maximum value; the smallest is the
minimum value.

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 Section 3.2

Monotonicity and Concavity

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The Second Derivative and Concavity

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Concavity Theorem

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Inflection Points
• Let an inflection point of the graph of  if  is
concave up on one side of c and concave down on the
other side.

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 Section 3.3

Local Extrema and Extrema on

Open Intervals

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Section 3.4

Practical Problems

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Practical Problems
Based on the examples and the theory developed in the
first three sections of this chapter, we suggest the
following step-by-step method that can be applied to
many practical optimization problems. Do not follow it
slavishly; common sense may sometimes suggest an
alternative approach or omission of some steps

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Practical Problems
• Step 1: Draw a picture for the problem and assign appropriate
variables to the important quantities
• Step 2: Write a formula for the objective function Q to be
maximized or minimized in terms of the variables from step 1
• Step 3: Use the conditions of the problem to eliminate all but
one of these variables, and thereby express Q as a function of
a single variable.
• Step 4: Find the critical points (end points, stationary points,
singular points).
• Step 5: Either substitute the critical values into the objective
function or use the theory from the last section (i.e. the first
and Second Derivative Tests) to determine the maximum or
minimum
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 Section 3.5

Graphing Functions Using Calculus

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 Section 3.6

The Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

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 Section 3.7

Solving Equations Numerically

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