 A transgenic animal is one that carries a

foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted

into its genome.
 Transgenesis is the process by which mixing
up of genes takes place.
 Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of
the animal, so it can be transmitted to the
progeny.
GENE TRANSFER METHODS

1. Identification of foreign gene of

interest
2. Fertilized eggs from super ovulated
will be removed and placed in
sterile dish with buffer.
 The eggs are fertilized in vitro.
In Vitro Fertilization
 In vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A process of fertilization
where an egg is combined
with sperm outside the body,
in vitro (in glass)
 GENE TRANSFER METHODS

3. Pronuclei of male and female are

separated.
 GENE TRANSFER METHODS

4. DNA is injected to pronuclei.

Pronuclear injection is a
technique used to create transgenic
organisms by injecting genetic
material into the nucleus of a
fertilized oocyte

Microinjection is a technique of
delivering foreign DNA into a living
cell (a cell, egg, oocyte, embryos of
animals)
 Transgenic animals can be created by manipulating
embryonic stem cells.
 ES cells are obtained from the inner cell mass of a
blastocyst.
 Transgene is incorporated into the ES cell by
◦ Microinjection
◦ By a retro virus
◦ By electroporation
 Transgenic stem cells are grown in vitro.
 Then they are inserted into a blastocyst and implanted into
a host’s uterus to grow normally.
 GENE TRANSFER METHODS

5. Implantation of microinjected egg to

surrogate mother.

6. Tissue samples from progeny or

offspring are subjected to DNA
analysis.
 Transgenic progenies are screened by PCR
to examine the site of incorporation of the
gene
 First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’
created by Ralph Brinster (U Pennsylvania)
and Richard Palmiter (University of
Washington) in 1982.
 It was created by inserting a human growth
hormone gene in mouse genome.
 The offspring was much larger than the
parents.
 Super Salmon
◦ Increased growth and
size
◦ Growth hormone
gene inserted into
fertilized egg.
◦ Transgenic salmon
grows about 10 – 11
times faster than
normal fish.
 TRANSGENIC FISH

Glo fish
 GM freshwater zebra
fish
 Produce by integrating
a fluorescent protein
gene from jelly fish
into embryo of fish.
 Produced by Dr.
Zhiiyuan Gong in 1999
Glow-in-the-dark mice
In 2002, scientists at
Caltech created glow-in-
the-dark mice by injecting
single-celled mouse
embryos with a virus that
contained a jellyfish gene
for green fluorescence.
Researchers have since
created glow-in-the-dark
fish, cats, and other
animals.
 Pig for organ transplant
Geneticist George
Church of Harvard University
and his colleagues recently
modified more than 60 genes in
pig embryos, in an effort to
make the animals suitable
donors for human organ
transplants.
 Transgenic sheep
◦ For good quality wool
production.
 Silk-spinning goats
Randy Lewis, a professor
of molecular biology at the
University of Wyoming, and
other researchers decided
to put the spiders’ dragline
silk gene into goats in such
a way that the goats would
only make the protein in
their milk. Like any other
genetic factor, only a
certain percentage of the
goats end up with the gene
inn 2010.
Transgenic cow
 Carrying extra copies of two
types of casein genes produce
13% more milk protein.
 Currently the milk from these
animals is under FDA review.
Transgenic sheep
 Tracy is the first transgenic animal to
produce a recombinant protein in her
milk.
 ANDi was the first
transgenic monkey,
born in 2000.
 “ANDi” stands for
“inserted DNA” spelled
backwards.
 An engineered virus
was used to insert the
harmless gene for
green fluorescence
protein (GFP) into
ANDi’s rhesus genome.
 TRANSGENIC RABBIT

Glow-in-the-dark rabbit
In 2000, an artist named
Eduardo Kac created a
glow-in-the-dark bunny,
known as the "GFP ( Green
Fluorescent Protein) bunny,"
an albino rabbit that
fluoresced under blue light.
 Medicalimportance
Disease model
Gene therapy
Bioreactors for pharmaceuticals
Xenotransplantation-process of
transplanting organs or tissues
between members of different
species
IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS OF
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

 Agricultural importance

 Disease resistant animals

 For improving quality and
quantity of milk, meat, eggs
and wool production
IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS OF
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

 Industrial importance

 Toxicity sensitive transgenic

animals to test chemicals.
 Spider silk in milk of goat