A form of energy which is caused by the

flow of tiny particles called electrons

through a material .
Is a flow of electric charges along a wire.
The flow of electric charge is a current.
Current is measured in the units of Amps
(A).
 Ancient Greeks noticed that amber, a product of tree
resin, is able to pick up bits of dry grass or straw when
rubbed with a cloth.
 The word “electricity” was then derived from the
Greek word elektron means “amber”.
 Thales of Miletus, a Greek philosopher, is one of the
people credited for this discovery (principle of static
electricity)
 The study of static electricity and its
causes and effects.
 It deals with the study of interaction
between static electric charges.
Law of Electrostatics states that like charges
repel and unlike charges attract.
WHAT IS STATIC ELECTRICITY?

An accumulation of
electrical charge
that is built up on
the surface of a
material
 WHERE DO CHARGES COME FROM?
Matter is made up of atoms.

+ Proton (positive charge)

–
neutron (neutral)
+
+ +

– electron (negative charge)

– –

atom nucleus
 WHERE DO CHARGES COME FROM?
If electrons = protons neutral

If electrons > protons  gaining electrons, negative

charge
If electrons < protons  losing electrons, positive
charge
ELECTRO-NEGATIVITY
+++++  Glass
Relative
++++  Human Hair
electro-negativity +++  Nylon
ranking for some ++  Silk
+
common materials  Fur

from electron donating-  Aluminum

 Paper
materials (+, glass) to - -
electron accepting - - -
 Cotton
----  Copper
materials (-, teflon) - - - - -
 Rubber
 PVC
 Teflon
 WHERE DO CHARGES COME FROM?
Rubbing materials does NOT create electric
charges. It just transfers electrons from one
material to the other.

 After being rubbed, a plastic

ruler can attract paper scraps.

Ruler carries electric charge.

It exerts electric force on paper.
WHERE DO CHARGES COME FROM?
When a balloon rubs a piece of wool...

electrons are pulled from the

– +
wool to the balloon.
– +
–
– + The balloon has more electrons than
– usual.
– +
wool + The balloon: – charged,
The wool: +charged
 INSULATORS AND CONDUCTORS
Insulators: materials that do NOT allow electrons to flow
through them easily.

Insulators can be easily charged by friction as the extra

electrons gained CANNOT easily escape.

Conductors: materials that allow electrons to flow through them easily.

Conductors CANNOT be easily charged by friction as

the extra electrons gained can easily escape.
WAYS OF PRODUCING STATIC CHARGE

Conduction –
the transfer of
electrons from a
charged object
to another by
direct contact.
INDUCTION THE PRODUCTION OF A CHARGE IN AN UNCHARGED
BODY BY BRINGING A CHARGED OBJECT CLOSE TO IT
When negatively charged rod is put near a metal
can...
electrons of the can are pushed
- - - - - - - away from the rod.
induced
charges attraction  top of the can: positive
++ + buttom of the can: negative
+ +
& attraction > repulsion
- -
metal - -
-
can
repulsion
ATTRACTION OF UNCHARGED OBJECTS
Similarly, when charged rod is close to paper scrap...

Molecules of paper align.

- - - - - - -
 attraction between the
attraction
++ + + rod and + charge >
––– – repulsion between the rod
paper ++ + + and - charge.
––– –
Polarization –
repulsion
redistribution of charges
 STATIC DISCHARGE
Human body can not feel less
than 2,000 volts of static
discharge

Static charge built up by

scuffing shoes on a carpet can
exceed 20,000 volts
GROUNDING
What is grounding?

An object is grounded when it is connected to

the earth through a connecting wire.

If a charged conductor is grounded, it

will become neutral.
GROUNDING…
How does grounding occur?
When we touch a metal ball of
positive charge...
+ +
+ electrons flow from the
+ +
earth to the metal ball to
neutralize the metal ball.
Metal ball becomes neutral.
GROUNDING…
How does grounding occur?
Similarly, if the metal ball is of
negative charge...
– –
– extra electrons flow
– –
from the metal ball to
the earth and the ball
becomes neutral.
TAAL VOLCANO ERUPTION JAN. 2020
 WHAT CAUSES LIGHTNING?
 Lightning is actually
just static electricity
on a much larger
scale.
 The rubbing is caused
by air moving around
 In thunderclouds
bottom is usually
negative and top is
positive.
 Thunder
• When the lightning flash happens it
heats the air to a temperature 5
times hotter than the surface of the
sun.

• This causes nearby air to expand and

vibrate forming the sound we hear as
thunder.
INTERESTING FACTS
 Lightning bolts can travel at speeds of
up to 60,000 miles per second.
 Every second around 100 bolts of
lightning strike the Earth.
 One lightning bolt has enough electricity
to power 200,000 homes.
 You are more likely to be struck by
lightning than be eaten by a shark.