Teknik Antarmuka dan Periferal

Sesi 11
TEI302
 To Buy or To Upgrade?
• Things to consider:
– Moore’s Law
– Cost of upgrading
vs. buying
– Time installing
software and files
– Needs and wants
 PC Mainboard

• Motherboard

1. PCI Slots
2. AGP Slot
3. North Bridge
4. CPU Socket
5. DIMM Slot
6. Battery
7. Power Connector
8. IDE Ports
9. SATA Ports
10. South Bridge
11. USB 2 Header
12. Firewire Header
 Different Types of Motherboards

• The most common motherboard design in desktop computers

today is the ATX (Advanced Technology Extended)
• Motherboard Socket Types:
– Socket A – AMD Athlon / Duron /Athlon XP (DDR)
– Socket 939 – AMD: Athlon 32 / 64bit (DDR)
– Socket 478 – Intel P4 (2nd Generation): Celeron (DDR)
– Socket 775 – Intel P4 S Core, Duo and Quad (DDR2/3)
– Socket AM2 – AMD – Duo / Quad core (DDR2)
 A Computer System (2008)

CPU
Main
FSB
Memory
(Front-Side Bus)
(DDR2)
Graphics North
card Bridge
DMI
(Direct Media I/F)
Peripheral
Hard disk South
devices
USB Bridge
PCIe card
 North Bridge

• North bridge is the chip that connects a

CPU to memory
• A memory controller is located on the
north bridge, which gives the CPU fast
access to the memory.
• The north bridge also connects to the
AGP or PCI Express bus and to the
memory itself.
• Controls data flow between memory and
processor - data flow between the
processor and the graphic's card
 South Bridge

• The South bridge is slower than the

North bridge, and information from the
CPU has to go through the North bridge
before reaching the South bridge.
• Other busses connect the Southbridge
to the PCI bus, the USB ports and the
IDE or SATA hard disk connections.
• Controls data flow to the devices - USB,
IDE, SATA, LAN and Audio - controls PCI
slots and onboard graphics
 Present, Near Future and More…
• Core 2 Duo – based Systems • Core i7– based Systems

CPU CPU
FSB Main Quickpath (Intel) or Main
(Front-Side Bus) Memory Hypertransport (AMD) Memory
(DDR2) (DDR3)
North North
Bridge Bridge

South South
DMI Bridge DMI Bridge
(Direct Media I/F) (Direct Media I/F)

CPU and computer systems are evolving at a fast pace

 x86 Family
• What is x86?
– Generic term referring to processors from Intel, AMD and VIA
– Derived from the model numbers of the first few generations of
processors:
• 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486  x86
– Now it generally refers to processors from Intel, AMD, and VIA
• x86-16: 16-bit processor
• x86-32 (aka IA32): 32-bit processor * IA: Intel Architecture
• x86-64: 64-bit processor

• Intel takes about 80% of the PC market and AMD takes about 20% (and now?)
– Apple also have been introducing Intel-based Mac from Nov. 2006
 x86 History
32-bit
4-bit 8-bit 16-bit (i386)

32-bit 32-bit 64-bit

(i586) (i686) (x86_64)

2009
Core i7
 Intel’s Core 2 Duo

DL1 DL1
Core0 Core1
32 KB, 8-Way, 64
L1 Byte/Line, LRU, WB IL1
IL1
3 Cycle Latency

4.0 MB, 16-Way, 64

L2 Byte/Line, LRU, WB
14 Cycle Latency
L2 Cache
 Intel’s Core i7

• 4 cores on one chip

• Three levels of caches
(L1, L2, L3) on chip
• L1: 32KB, 8-way
• L2: 256KB, 8-way
• L3: 8MB, 16-way
• 731 million transistors
in 263 mm2 with 45nm
technology
 Core i7-based Systems
• Core i7 860 (Lynnfield) – based system • Core i7 920 (Bloomfield) – based system
 AMD’s Opteron - Barcelona
• 4 cores on one chip
• 1.9GHz clock
• 65nm technology
• Three levels of caches (L1, L2, L3) on chip
• L1: 64KB, L2: 512KB, L3: 2MB
• Integrated North Bridge
 Chipset
• We call North and South Bridges as Chipset
• Chipset has many PCIe devices inside
• North Bridge
– Memory controller
– PCI express ports to connect Graphics card
• South Bridge
– HDD (Hard-disk) controller
– USB controller
– Various peripherals connected
• Keyboard, mouse, timer etc
– PCI express ports
• Note that the landscape is being changed!
– For example, memory controller is
integrated into CPU
 PCI Slots History

• The PCI bus was developed by

Intel.
• Peripheral Component Interface
• You will find that you will get a
number of PCI slots from 1 up to
about 6.
• The PCI bus runs at 33Mhz and
normally 32bits.

PCI is now the standard for internal peripherals

except for graphics cards which have now moved
over to the faster AGP port.
 AGP Slot
• The AGP was designed specifically for
video cards
• Accelerated Graphics Port
• GP was really forced in to the computer
world as graphics cards required more
and more bandwidth
• AGP provided not only a faster bus
speed (66Mhz 1x - 133Mhz 2x -
266Mhz 4x effectively)
 PCI, PCI Express Devices
• PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
 Computer bus connecting all the peripheral devices to the computer
motherboard
• PCIe (PCI Express)
 Replaced PCI in 2004
 Point-to-point connection
PCI express slots

PCI express slot x16

PCI slot
 PCI Express Slots in GP Systems

PCI express
slot
 GP Computer System

North Bridge

South Bridge
 DIMM Sockets

Dual Inline Memory Module

• DIMM's are used on virtually every
board except for those on early P4
boards which predominantly use
RIMM's.
Single in-line memory module (SIMM)
• Has a 32-bit path to the memory chips
whereas a DIMM has 64-bit path.
 Memory Hierarchy
• Take advantage of the principle of locality to present the user with as much
memory as is available in the cheapest technology at the speed offered by the
fastest technology

higher level lower level

On-Chip Components

Secondary
CPU Core
L1I (Instr Storage
ITLB

Cache) Main (Disk)

L2 (Second Memory
Level) (DRAM)
Reg
L1D (Data Cache
DTLB

File
Cache)

Speed (cycles): ½’s 1’s 10’s 100’s 10,000’s

Size (bytes): 100’s 10K’s M’s G’s T’s
Cost: highest lowest
 Virtual Memory

• Memory bound system

• Virtual memory
• Page file
• Drawback = speed
• Increasing RAM can avoid this problem

23
 IDE Connector

Integrated Drive Electronics

• The connector to which you will insert
an IDE cable. IDE cables connect
devices such as hard disks, CD Drives
and DVD Drives.
• All IDE cables will come with a red line
down one side, this red line is to show
which way it should be plugged in. The
red line should always face up.

IDE Connectors
 SATA Connector

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

• Serial ATA or more commonly seen as
S-ATA is a new way of connecting your
Hard Drives to your PC.
• Have the capability of being faster
than the IDE counterparts and also
have smaller thinner cables which help
with the airflow of the system.
• SATA/2 hard disks are fast becoming
the norm for hard drive technology.
 Firewire Headers

• Firewire is also known as IEEE 1394. It is

basically a high performance serial bus
for digital and audio equipment to
exchange data.
• Often used for transferring digital video
to the PC straight from a digital camera.
The FireWire header onboard means
you can install a FireWire port on your
machine.
 RAID Connector

• Redundant Array of Independent

Disks
• Is a way of storing the same data in
different places (thus, redundantly)
on multiple hard disks.
• RAID disk drives are used frequently
on servers
Guess?
Compute Module Diagram
 BEE2
BEE2: A High-End Reconfigurable Computing System
• The BEE2 project is developing a reusable, modular, and scalable
framework for designing high-end reconfigurable computers, including a
processing module building block and several programming models. Using
these elements, BEE2 can provide over 10 times more computing
throughput than a DSP-based system with similar power consumption and
cost, and over 100 times that of a microprocessor-based system.
• Example: a multi-purpose computing platform for radio telescope signal
processing applications
• BEE2 multi-purpose computing platform, which will offer a general FPGA-
based hardware architecture and software design methodology that
target a range of real-time radio telescope signal processing applications,
such as wide band spectrometer and large antenna array correlator, while
providing drastic reduction in overall cost and design time.