DIRECT AND INDIRECT

SPEECH

Made by:
Ms. Anila Sohail Khan
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
CHARACTERISTICS:
It is original quotation
of a talk
It is always placed
between two
quotation marks
It is always preceded
by Capital letter
Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before
direct speech when the introductory
verb position is in the front
Comma (,) are placed after direct speech
when the introductory verb position is
placed after or between the direct
speech
The use of punctuation like exclamation
mark (!), question mark (?) point the
type of sentence of direct speech and it
does not change
Eg.
‘Where do you live?’ she asked
My mother says to my sister: ‘Wash your
hands!’
She yelled at me: ‘Don’t have the door
open!’
It is a kind of reported sentence (reported
speech)
It retells one’s talk or idea
It undergoes certain modification
It has three types of indirect speech
1. Imperative (Command/request)
2. Declarative (Statement)
3. Interrogative (question
1. Imperative (Command/request)
The Imperative is a command
Because of a command it does not tell the
subject and the verb in direct imperative
does not change
E.g. “Shut the door”
Let the door be shut
like go, sleep, open etc so in the indirect
speech is preceded by to infinitive)
namely to go, to sleep, to open
• It also has non verb, so the reported
command is preceded by ‘Be +
adjective/adverb!’ like: be quiet, be
happy, be here so in the Indirect
Speech it becomes to be quiet, to be
happy, to be here
 POSITIVE IMPERATIVE
• DIRECT SPEECH • INDIRECT SPEECH
• She said, “Go away!” • She ordered her to go
• “Come here!” she said. away .
I said, • She asked him to come
• “Be quite!” ‘Be quiet!’ there.
she yelled at the • She ordered the
children. children to be quiet
• She begged, “Be • She requested to be
happy!” happy
• ‘Please help me!’ she • She asked him to help
told him her
 NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE:
• DIRECT SPEECH • INDIRECT SPEECH
• She said, “Don’t go • She told me not to
away!” go away
• “Don’t Come here!” • She asked him not
she said to come there.
• I said, “Don’t Be • She begged us not
noisy!” to be noisyI
• She begged, “Don’t • She told him not to
be lazy!” worry about it
 Declarative (Statement)

• A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective

• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT
SPEECH
• I He/She
• You me/he/she/them/I/him/her
• My his/her
• Our their/our
• Your My/his/her
 Declarative (Statement)
• B. Adverb of time and Place
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
• now then
• today that day
• tomorrow the next day
• the day after
• the following day
• a day later
• next the … after
• the following …
 Declarative (Statement)
• B. Adverb of time and Place
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
• last … the … before
• the previous …
• the preceding …
• … ago … before
• … earlier
• yesterday the day before
• the previous day
• the preceeding day
• the day before yesterday two days before
• here there
• this that
• these those
 Declarative (Statement)
• Tenses
• DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
• Present Simple Past Simple
• Present Continuous Past
Continuous
• Present Perfect Past Perfect
• Present Perfect Continuous Past
Perfect Continuous
 Declarative
(Statement)
• C. Tenses
• DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
• Future Simple Past Future
• Future Continuous Past Future
Continuous
• Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
• Future Perfect Future Perfect
• Continuous Past Continuous
 Declarative (Statement)
• C. Tenses
• DIRECT SPEECHINDIRECT SPEECH
• Past Simple Past Perfect
• Past Continuous Past Perfect
Continuous
• Past Perfect Past Perfect
 Let’s see the following changes
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
• Verb 1 Verb 2
• Verb 2 Had + Verb 3
• Is was
• Am was
• Are were
• Have had
• Has had
• Do did
• Does did
• Was/were had been
• Did had + verb 3
• Can could
• May might
• Must had to
• Shall should
• Will would
• Ought to + verb 1 ought to + have + verb 3 /
been
• Could + verb 1 could + have + verb 3 /
been
• Might + verb 1 might + have + verb 3 /
been
• Should + verb 1 should + have + verb3 /
been
• Would + verb 1 would + have + verb 3 /
been
 Examples:
• DIRECT SPEECH
• Ali: ‘I will go now.’
• Rani: ‘They love me.’
• ‘I’ve been writing’, Dina
answered
•
• Mother: ‘I was sick
yesterday.’
INDIRECT SPEECH
Ali said that he would
go then
Rani told me they loved
her
Dina answered that she
had been writing
Mother told that
she had been sick
the day before
 3. Interrogative (question)
• a. Preceded by Auxiliary
• When the question is preceded by
auxiliary that needs yes/No answer it
will be used the conjunction if or
whether in the indirect speech
• The steps how to make indirect speech:
– The question sentence of the indirect
speech is firstly changed to be statement
– It then follows the rules before
 Example
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT
SPEECH
• Doctor: ‘Do you usually take a nap?’
• It is firstly changed to be:
• You usually take a nap Doctor
asks
if/whether I
usually take a
nap
 Example
• DIRECT SPEECH
• Mary: ‘Are you a student?’
– It is firstly changed to be:
• You are a student
• INDIRECT SPEECH
– Ratu asked if/whether I was a
• student
 Example
• John: ‘May I borrow your car?’
• Preceded by Question Word (QW)
– It is firstly changed to be:
• I may borrow your car
• INDIRECT SPEECH
– John asked if he might borrow my
– John asked whether he might borrow my
 a. Preceded by Question Words
• In the question using Question Word
(QW)
– To form indirect speech the question is
firstly changed to be statement
– QW: what, when, where, which, why, who,
whom, etc. are used as conjunction
 Example
– Andi: ‘How do you spell your name?’
• - It is firstly changed to be:
• You spell your name
•
• INDIRECT SPEECH
• Andi asked how I spelt my name
 Example
• DIRECT SPEECH
– Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?’
• It is firstly changed to be:
• You can keep your money safely
•
• INDIRECT SPEECH
• - Sophia asked me where I could keep my
• money safely.
• THANK YOU VERY MUCH