We need something to defend us !!!!

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
THE NEED FOR A DEFENSE SYSTEM
aids the immune system

•filters out organisms that cause disease,

produces certain white blood cells and
generates antibodies

fluid balance

•drains excess fluids and protein so that

tissues do not swell up
Immune Response

•It is the collective and

coordinated process
performed by immune system
upon the introduction of a
foreign substance.
 INNATE ADAPTIVE
IMMUNE IMMUNE
SYSTEM SYSTEM
 ACTIVITY: (Please check the appropriate box)
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Journal
Skills/Drill/Exercise Drawing/Art/Plate Informal Theme Quiz
Others ___________

References:
Exploring life through Science, General Biology 2 by Anna Cherylle Morales – Ramos and
John Donnie A. Ramos; Copyright 2017 by Pheonix Publishing house Inc.

ACTIVITY TITLE: Life’s Defense System

LEARNING TARGET:  explain how some organisms maintain steady internal conditions
(homeostasis) that possess various structures and processes:
Lymphatic System
 expound the structures and functions of the different structures of the
lymphatic system
CONCEPT NOTES: The immune system protects the body from possibly harmful substances
by recognizing and responding to antigens. Antigens are substances
(usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria.
Nonliving substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign
particles (such as a splinter) can also be antigens. The immune system
recognizes and destroys, or tries to destroy, substances that contain
antigens..
1.What are the different cell, proteins or
enzymes that work in the given line of
defense?
2. How do they work to defend the body
from antigens or foreign substances that
may harm it?
3. How do these structures of the immune
system contribute to the maintenance of
homeostasis?
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

Lysozyme
•An enzyme that helps break down bacterial cell
walls and found saliva, tears, and nasal secretions
Mucus
•It is secreted and acts as a protective barrier that
blocks the bacteria from sticking to the inner
epithelial cells.
 SECRETIONS AT EPITHELIAL SURFACES
SITE SOURCES SECRETIONS
Eyes Lacrimal glands (tears) Lysozyme, IgA, IgG
Ears Sebaceous glands Waxy secretions
(cerumen)
Mouth Salivary glands Digestive enzymes,
lysozymes, IgA, IgG,
lactoferin
Skin Sweat glands (sweat) Lysozyme, high NaCl,
Sebaceous glands short-chain fatty acid
(sebum)
Stomach Gastric juices Digestive enzymes
(pepsin, renin),
hydrochloric acid
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
Lymph Nodes
•These are tiny bean structures that store cells used in
immune response.
Lymph
• A milky body fluid that contains lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes
•These are white blood cells that fight off infections and is
found in the lymph nodes.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
MACROPHAGES

These are large irregular shaped WBCs that patrol and

ingest microorganisms through phagocytosis.

NEUTROPHILS
These are the most abundant circulating WBCs that
release a disinfecting chemical that kills not only the
bacteria but also the neighboring neutrophils.

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

These are cells that do not attack the microbes directly. PERFORINS
DENDRITIC CELLS

These are phagocytes that process and alert the

adaptive immune system when an antigen is present.

EOSINOPHILS

These are granular WBCs with enzymes that target

parasitic worms.

BASOPHILS
These are granular WBCs that contain histamines that
cause inflammation during immune responses and
allergic reactions.
MAST CELLS
These are granular WBCs that also contain histamines and
other substances that anchor themselves in response to
injury or allergic reaction, together with basophils.

LYMPHOCYTES

These are responsible for specific immunities.

ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
ANTIGEN

•It is an immune response against any foreign body, such as

toxins or the body part of a pathogen.

CYTOKINES

•A signalling protein which can attract more macrophages,

neutrophils, and dendritic cells on the infection site.

INTERFERON

•A cellular defense that binds to non-infected neighboring cells

to produce antiviral proteins which can interfere with viral
replication.
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
HISTAMINES AND PROSTAGLANDINS

•These are chemical alarm signals which will raise

the temperature of the tissue and increase the
blood flow to the area.

INTERLEUKIN-1

•A regulatory protein that can cause neurons in

the hypothalamus to raise the overall body’s
normal temperature above 37 ̊C in the form of
fever.
SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

T- and B-cells
Macrophages
(Lymphocytes)
ANTIBODIES
•These are highly potent proteins specific to neutralize the antigens by making them more
susceptible to phagocytosis.
•It circulate in the blood plasma and lymph.

• Antibodies prevent a virus or toxic protein

Neutralization from binding their target.

• A pathogen tagged by antibodies is

Opsonization consumed by a macrophage or neutrophil.

Complement • Antibodies attached to the surface of a

pathogen cell activate the complement
Activation system.
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
FIVE GENERAL TYPES OF
ANTIBODIES IN HUMANS
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
 IgA • It is found in mucosal areas, such as the
gut, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract,
(Immunoglobulin and prevents colonization by pathogens.
• Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk.
alpha)

IgD
• It functions mainly as an antigen receptor
(Immunoglobulin on B cells that have not been exposed to
antigens.
delta)

IgE • It binds to allergens and triggers histamine

release from mast cells and basophils, and
(Immunoglobulin is involved in allergy.
• Also protects against parasitic worms.
epsilon)
 •It provides majority of antibody-
IgG based immunity against invading
pathogens.
(Immunoglobulin •The only antibody capable of
crossing the placenta to give
gamma) passive immunity to fetus.

•It is expressed on surface of B cells

IgM (monomer) and in a secreted form
(pentamer).
(Immunoglobulin •Eliminates pathogens in the early
stages of B cell humoral immunity
mu) before the secretion of sufficient Ig.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS

IMMUNITY

•A regulatory protein that can cause

neurons in the hypothalamus to raise
the overall body’s normal temperature
above 37 ̊C in the form of fever.
COMPARISON OF INNATE AND SPECIFIC
IMMUNE SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPONENTS OF INNATE AND SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEMS
FEATURE INNATE (NATURAL) SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE
CHARACTERISTICS
Specify for microbes Relatively low High
Diversity Limited Large
Specialization Relatively stereotypic Highly specialized
Memory No Yes
CHARACTERISTICS
Physical and chemical barriers Skin, mucosal epithelia, Cutaneous and mucosal
antimicrobial chemical immune systems
(defensins) Secreted antibodies
Blood proteins Complement Antibodies
Cells Phagocytes (macrophages, Lymphocytes (T and B cells)
neutrophils, dendritic cells),
eosinophils, NK cells, mast
cells
SUMMARY
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 VERTEBRATE IMMUNITY
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
SYSTEM
Physical Barriers Internal Defenses Antibodies and the
Skin, hair, cilia Inflammatory response humoral immune
response
Mucus membrane Complement proteins
Cell-mediated immune
Mucus and chemical Phagocytic cells response
secretions
Natural killer (NK) cells Memory response
Digestive enzymes in
the mouth

Stomach acid
DO YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS! 
PERFORMANCE TASK
3rd Quarter
■ POP – UP PRESENTATION
WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
LEARNING YOU HAVE
ENCOUNTERED TODAY?
-EXIT SLIP-

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