VOCABULARY

DEVELOPMENT
Freebody and Klausmeir
Word power is closely related
to academic success... The
richer one’s vocabulary is, the
greater one’s reading power
becomes.
Vocabulary

 It is a bank of words that an

individual possesses.
 It represents the breadth and
depth of all the words we know—
use, recognize, and respond to.
 Vocabulary
 Breadth corresponds to the size and scope
of our vocabulary.
 It describes how extensive one’s vocabulary
is
 Example: happy

 Can you give other words that mean happy?

 delighted, ecstatic, elated, glad, gay, jolly,

joyful, jubilant
 Vocabulary
 Depth concerns our understanding of
words including the word’s
phonological structure or sound,
orthographic structure or spelling,
meaning (denotation & connotation),
origin(etymology), grammar (form
and function), and collocation
 It describes how intensive one’s
vocabulary is
Vocabulary: Sound

 Category
 Categorize

 Ceremony

 Continuity

 Ambiguity
Vocabulary: Meaning
 Denotation- is the literal or dictionary meaning
 E.g. house-as a building

 night-time of day

 spring-a time or season

 Connotation-is the acquired or implied meaning

 E.g. house as a place where family members
support one another
 night-death

 spring-fertility
Vocabulary: Collocation

 Collocation- is the quality of a

word being collocate or
contiguous with another word
 E.g. each other, to analyze,

administer tests, bread and

butter, ask questions, valid
reason, gather data
 Ranges of General/Academic Vocabulary

Range Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3

Description Basic words that Words that appear Uncommon
most students know frequently in texts words that are
before entering in which students typically
school, everyday already have associated with a
language conceptual specific
understanding domain/discipline
High frequency Low frequency

Examples clock, guess, Predict, fortunate, isotope,

happy, lucky, fit, guy adapt, concepts, peninsula,
individual, human bucolic, cephalic,
being cervical

(Beck, McKeown, Kucan, 2002)

Samples of Tier 2 Academic Vocabulary

 similar, formulate, context

 devise, vertical, impact, usage

 summary, denote , arbitrary

 assign, criteria, data

Samples of Tier 2 Academic Vocabulary

 evident, publishes, involving

 negative, environment, evaluate

 range, modified, restricted

 derive, vary, pursued, ensue

 consists of, conclude, assess

Samples of Tier 2 Academic Vocabulary

 comply with, equivalent, specify

 require, inference, assumption

 guarantee, methods, strategies

 imply, sum, proceeding,

 predict, analyze, verify

Samples of Tier 2 Academic Vocabulary

 dominate, definite, approach

 potential, elements, components

 compensate, subsequent, distinct

 indicates, regions, significant

 recurrence, confer, convene

Samples of Tier 2 Academic Vocabulary

 requirement, valid, concept, constant

 reason, temperature, dimension

 results, establish, connection

 initial, leading, ultimate

 responsibility, status, hypothesis

 minimum, validate, maximize

 Samples of Words in Three Tiers
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3
arm accumulate aorta
cloud expectation carburetor
friend falter circumference
house itemize eclipse
pizza misfortune impressionism
school relative lava
walk vary legislature
Types of Words

 Function words or words that help a

sentence function but not get across
meaning
E.g. Articles, conjunctions, pronouns, be
verbs, prepositions
Types of Words

 Content words or words that supply

content or information
 E.g. Nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and

verbs
Types of Words
 Homographs- are words that are spelled the same
but have different meanings. They may have the
same sounds (homonyms) or different sounds
(heteronyms)
 E.g. present (noun)-is a gift
 present (verb)-means to offer
 present (adjective)-means something is in a certain
place
 lead (noun)-a metal that was once added to paint,
 lead (verb) means to guide the way for
Homographs
 When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.
 I did not object to the object.

 The insurance was invalid for the invalid.

 They were too close to the door to close it.

 The buck does funny things when the does are

present.
 I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.
Types of Words
 Portmanteaux are words that are formed by combining
the sounds and meanings of two or more words; also
called as blends or coined words
 E.g.

- Smog-smoke + fog
- Pictionary-picture + dictionary
- Fortnight-fourteen + nights
- Avionics -aviation + electronics
- ginormous -gigantic + enormous
- fantabulous -fantastic + fabulous
- Netiquette-Internet + etiquette
Examples of Portmanteaux
 Brunch- breakfast + lunch
 Motel-motor + hotel
 Simulcast-simultaneous + broadcast
 Blog-web + log
 Contrail-condensation + trail
 Paratroop-parachute + troop
 Freeware- free + software
 Palimony-partner + alimony
 Bionic- biology + electronic
 Types of Words
 Eponyms are words that are derived from the name of a
person.
 E.g.
 America-from the explorer Amerigo Vespucci
 Boycott- after Charles C. Boycott, a nineteenth century English
landlord who was ostracized for refusing to reduce rents
 Braille-after Louis Braille, a French teacher of the blind
 Caesarean-after Julius Caesar, who is believed to have been
delivered this way
 Sandwich-after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, who, in
order to play cards while eating, was served meat between
two slices of bread
Types of Words

 Toponyms are words that are named

after a place.
 E.g.

- Spa-a place of healing waters

- Hamburger-which contains ground steak,
not ham, was also named after its place of
origin: Hamburg, Germany.
Word Play
 A fun way of manipulating words to amuse, create
a certain effect, or have an impact on others
 E.g.
 Hink Pinks-are riddles that have as an answer two
one or more-syllable words that rhyme.
 mad dad-an angry father
 sad lad- lonely boy
 funny bunny-amusing rabbit
 President’s residence-White House
Using Context Clues

 Clues are words used in a

sentence which help the reader in
understanding the specific
meaning of a new unfamiliar
word.
Using Context Clues

 The special meaning of a word

depends on the other words in
the sentence of the surrounding
group of sentences (context).
Types of Clues

1. Definition Clues. The author

gives the meaning.
Sylvia is an ecologist, a scientist
who specializes in the
relationship between living things
and their environment.
Types of Clues

2. Synonym. An idea is repeated

in the sentence.
In his complete uniform and with
his shining sword, the man
appeared bellicose or warlike.
Types of Clues

3. Appositive. It renames, explains,

or identifies the word/s before it.
Many eleemosynary, philantrophic
agencies, are helping the
marginalized people.
Types of Clues

4. Simile. The sentence suggests

meaning with the use of as and
like.
The child’s eyes glistened like the
bright stars in the sky.
Types of Clues

5. Metaphor. The word is directly

compared with something in the
sentence.
She is a star in each party.
Types of Clues

6. Mood clues or summary clues

 First he lost his girlfriend. Then
he lost his scholarship. He became
totally depressed.
 Types of Clues

7. Inference. This is a clue drawn from

reasonable conclusion based on facts
in the sentence.
 Types of Clues

E.g.
Rene gave his fake ID to the guard
and held his breath. The guard was
busy talking to a friend and gave it a
perfunctory glance, so Rene breathed
normally again.
 Types of Clues

8. Structural Analysis. This gives a direct

clue based on the structure of the word
(i.e. Roots, affixes, syllables).
Prolonged fever made the child suffer
from dehydration.
Types of Clues

9. Antonym. The opposite meaning

of the word is in the sentence.
Maricel was very talkative, but
Rico remained taciturn.