Digital Image and Signal Processing

16 MTE Batch – Fall 2019

Engr. Dr. Sufyan Ali Memon

Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechatronics Engineering,
Mehran University of Engineering & Technology
Jamshoro, Pakistan.
Sufyan.memon@faculty.muet.edu.pk
Review: Classification
of signal and systems
Lec# 2-3
Dated: 18/10/2019
 Contents
• Classification of Signals.

• Basic operations on Signals.

• Classification of Systems
Classification of Signals
• Continuous time – Discrete time
• Analog – Digital (numerical)
• Periodic – Aperiodic
• Deterministic – Random (probabilistic)
• Even – Odd
• Time limited – Time Unlimited
• Causal – Non-causal
Classification of Signals
Continuous time and Discrete time:
• Continuous time signal: a signal that is specified for
every real value of the independent variable .
 The independent variable is continuous, that is it
takes any value on the real axis
 The domain of the function representing the signal
has the cardinality of real numbers

Here, Signal is f =x(t)

independent variable is time
Time t is real number
Classification of Signals
Discrete time:
• A signal that is specified only for discrete values of the
independent variable
– It is usually generated by sampling so it will only have
values at equally spaced intervals along the time axis
– The domain of the function representing the signal
has the cardinality of integer numbers.

Signal is f =x[nT]
Independent variable is n
T is integer number
Classification of Signals
Analog and Digital signals:

Analog signal:
• Signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a
continuous range.

• An analog signal is completely free to vary its amplitude

from -∞ to +∞ i.e. it can take any value on amplitude axis.

• On time axis, analog signal may have continuous or

discrete values based on that it is classified as continuous
time analog signal or discrete time analog signal.
Classification of Signals
Digital signal:

• A signal whose amplitude can take on only a finite number

of values (thus it is quantized from analog signal).
• The amplitude of the function f(t) can take only a finite
number of values.
• A digital signal whose amplitude can take only M different
values is said to be M-arry.
• Binary signals are a special case for M=2, i.e., 1 or 0
Classification of Signals
Classification of Signals
Classification of Signals
Periodic and Aperiodic:

Periodic:
 A signal f(t) is periodic if there exists a positive constant T0
such that
f (t  T0 )  f (t ); t  t   t
   n   n
• – The smallest value of T0 which satisfies such relation is
said to be period of the function f(t)
• – A periodic signal remains unchanged when time-shifted of
integer multiples of the period
Classification of Signals
Classification of Signals
• Causal signals are signals
that are zero for all
negative time (or spatial
positions)
f (t )  0; t  0
• Anti-causal are signals
that are zero for all
positive time (or spatial
positions).
f (t )  0; t  0
• Non-causal signals are
signals that have non-zero
values in both positive
and negative time.
Classification of Signals
Even and Odd signals:
• An even signal is any signal f such that fe(-t) = fe(t). Even
signals can be easily spotted as they are symmetric around
the vertical axis.

• An odd signal is a signal f such that fo(-t) = - (fo(t))

Classification of Signals
Deterministic (known)
signal
• A signal whose physical
description is known
completely.
• A deterministic signal is a signal
in which each value of the
signal is fixed and can be
determined by a mathematical
expression, rule, or table.
• There is no uncertainty about
its amplitude values
• Examples: signals defined
through a mathematical
function or graph
Probabilistic (random)
signal
• The amplitude values cannot be
predicted precisely but are
known only in terms of
probabilistic descriptors.
• The future values of a random
signal cannot be accurately
predicted and can usually only
be guessed based on the
averages of sets of signals.
• There is always uncertainty
about its amplitude values.
• Examples: EEG, evocated
potentials, noise in CCD capture
devices for digital cameras
Classification of Signals
 Classification of Signals
• Time-limited and time-unlimited signals
Classification of Systems
• Continuous and Discrete System

• Linear and Nonlinear System

• Time Invariant and Time Variant System

• Causal and Non-causal System

• Stable and Unstable

Classification of Systems
Continuous and Discrete System
A system where the input and output signals are
continuous is a continuous system, and one where the
input and output signals are discrete is a discrete system.

Linear and Nonlinear System

• A linear system is any system that obeys the
properties of scaling (homogeneity) and superposition
(additivity), while a nonlinear system is any system
that does not obey at least one of these.
Classification of Systems
 A linear system H obeys the scaling property as:
H (kf (t)) = kH (f (t))

• And obeys the superposition property of linearity:

H  f1 (t)  f 2 (t)   H  f1 (t)   H  f 2 (t) 
Classification of Systems
Time Invariant and Time Variant System
• A time invariant system is one that does not depend on when
it occurs: the shape of the output does not change with a
delay of the input. i.e., for a system
H (f (t)) = y(t); H is time invariant for all T if
H (f (t – T)) = y(t – T)

• When this property does not hold for a system, then it is said
to be time variant , or time-varying.
Classification of Systems
Causal and Non-causal System

• A causal system is one that is non-anticipative; i.e., the

output may depend on current and past inputs, but not
future inputs.
• All ”real-time” systems must be causal, since they can not
have future inputs available to them.

• Imagine rather that we wanted to do image processing. Then

the dependent variable might represent pixels to the left and
right (the ”future”) of the current position on the image, and
we would have a non-causal system.
Classification of Systems
Stable and Unstable
• A stable system is one where the output does not diverge as long
as the input does not diverge. i.e., A bounded input produces a
bounded output.
• A system with this property is called bounded input-bounded
output (BIBO) stable system.
In a mathematical way: if x(t) is the input and y(t) is the output to the
system then for BIBO stable system, the output must satisfy the
condition of:
y (t )  M y  
when we have an input to the system described as:
x(t )  M x  
• M x and M y both represent a set of finite positive numbers and
these relationships hold for all of t.
• If these conditions are not met, i.e. a system’s output grows
without limit (diverges) from a bounded input, then the system
is unstable .
Classification of Systems
Stability in s-plane and Stability in z-plane

If any pole has a positive real part there is a component in the

output that increases without bound, causing the system to be
unstable. In order for a linear system to be stable, all of its poles
must have negative real parts, that is they must all lie within the
left-half of the s-plane.

Stability of a Single Pole. ... In the z plane a pole on the positive

real z axis and within the unit circle (a < 1) produces a
converging series and a stable response.
Classification of Systems
Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system:
 Certain systems are both linear and time-invariant, and are
thus referred to as LTI systems.
 LTI systems obey the principle of superposition. We can
apply time-invariance to the superposition definition in the
linear systems.
Classification of Systems
Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system:
Classification of Systems
Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system:
Classification of Systems
Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system:
Classification of Systems
Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system:
Discrete time signal representation
Discrete time signal representation
 Some useful discrete time signals
• Unit Impulse signal

• Unit step signal

• Unit ramp signal

 Some useful discrete time signals

• Unit Impulse signal

The unit impulse sample sequence is a signal that is zero
everywhere except at the origin (n=0), where its value is unity.
 Some useful discrete time signals
• Unit Step signal
The unit step signal is denoted by u(n) and is defined as

• Unit Ramp signal

The unit ramp signal is:
D.T Impulse signal: Example
D.T Impulse signal: Ex-cont.
Some useful discrete time signals
Transformation of discrete time signals
 Transformation of discrete time signals

• A signal x(n) is shown in Fig (a). Show graphical

representation of signals x(n-3) and x(n+2).
Transformation of discrete time signals
 Transformation of discrete time signals

• Time – reversal: time base is inverse.

x(n) = x(-n)
Transformation of discrete time signals
Transformation of discrete time signals
• Time – Scaling: time base is scaling.
y(n) = x(an)
Transformation of discrete time signals
Transformation of discrete time signals

• That is time compressing by factor 2