POWER DISTRIBUTION AND

ITS UTILIZATION
(BATTERIES)

BY

BALA KRISHNA
 Definition
• A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a
device that produces electricity from a
chemical reaction.
• A container consisting of one or more cells, in
which chemical energy is converted into
electricity and used as a source of power.
• Strictly speaking, a battery consists of two or
more cells connected in series or parallel, but
the term is generally used for a single cell.
 Cell
• A cell consists of
a negative electrode
 an electrolyte, which conducts ions
 a separator, also an ion conductor
 a positive electrode.
 Electrolyte:
• A “weak barrier” that allows ions to be
transferred from anode to cathode.
• Some batteries may have more than one
electrolyte and/or the electrolyte may be
solid, liquid or even gaseous or a mix of any
phase.
 Operation
• When the cell is connected to an external
load, or device to be powered, the negative
electrode supplies a current of electrons that
flow through the load and are accepted by the
positive electrode. When the external load is
removed the reaction ceases.
 Primary battery
• A primary battery is one that can convert its
chemicals into electricity only once and then
must be discarded.
 Secondary batteries
• A secondary battery has electrodes that can be
reconstituted by passing electricity back through
it; also called a storage or rechargeable battery, it
can be reused many times.
• Lithium-ion(Li-ion)
• Nickel Cadmium(Ni-Cd)
• Nickel-Metal Hydride(Ni-MH)
• Lead-Acid
 Electroplating
• Electroplating is know as electrodeposition because
the process involves depositing a thin layer of metal
onto the surface of a work piece, which is referred to
as the substrate. An electric current is used to cause
the desired reaction.
• It is also define as process of plating one metal onto
another by hydrolysis, most commonly for decorative
purposes or to prevent corrosion of a metal. There are
also specific types of electroplating such as
copper plating, silver plating, and chromium plating