Turbo Machines (MEEN 4332)

Dr. Waqar A. Khan

Professor of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University,
Al Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
 Books Recommended
1. Basic Concepts in Turbomachinery By G. Ingram,
2009, Ventus Publishing ApS
2. Principles of Turbomachinery By S. A. Korpela,
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of
Turbomachinery, Fifth Edition, S. L. Dixon, 2005.
4. Fundamentals of Turbomachinery: William W. Perg,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008.
5. A Text book of Turbo Machines - M.S.Govindgouda
& A.M. Nagaraj-M.M.Publications-IV Edition-2008
6. G. T. CSANADY. Theory of turbomachines. McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1964.
 Main Topics
A. Review of concepts of fluid mechanics,
thermodynamics, and heat transfer as they apply to
turbomachines
B. Similarity and scaling laws for pumps and turbines
C. Flow through a centrifugal pump
D. Flow through a turbine
E. Analysis of blade design for pumps and turbines
F. Design of fans
G. Design of axial flow compressors
 Assessment
Assignments 20%
Attendance and class activities 10%
Quizes 15%
Mid-terms (2) 25%
Final 30%
 Chapter 1: Introduction

What is a Turbo Machine?

 Introduction

A device in which energy is transferred either to, or from,

a continuously flowing fluid by the dynamic action of one
or more moving blade rows.

The word turbo or turbinis is of Latin origin and implies

that which spins or whirls around. Essentially, a rotating
blade row, a rotor or an impeller changes the stagnation
enthalpy of the fluid moving through it by either
doing positive or negative work, depending upon the
effect required of the machine.

These enthalpy changes are intimately linked with the

pressure changes occurring simulataneously in the fluid.
 Introduction

The subject fluid mechanics, thermodynamics of

turbomachinery, therefore, is limited to machines
enclosed by a closely fitting casing or shroud
through which a readily measurable quantity of
fluid passes in unit time.
 Introduction

Two main categories of turbomachine are

identified:
firstly, those which absorb power to increase the
fluid pressure or head (ducted fans, compressors
and pumps);

secondly, those that produce power by

expanding fluid to a lower pressure or head
(hydraulic, steam and gas turbines).
 Introduction

If the device extracts energy from the fluid, it is generally

called a turbine.

If the device delivers energy to the fluid it is called a

compressor, fan, blower or pump depending on the fluid
used and the magnitude of the change in pressure that
results.

Turbomachinery is the generic name for all the

 Introduction
If the fluid transfers energy for the rotation of the
impeller, fixed on the shaft, it is known as power
generating turbo machine.

If the machine transfers energy in the form of angular

momentum fed to the fluid from the rotating impeller,
fixed on the shaft, it is known as power absorbing turbo
machine.
 Applications of Turbomachinery

GT Wind
propulsion turbine
for power of
aeroplanes electricity
production

Rotor of a
steam
turbine for Water
power pump
production
Examples of a turbo machine
A simple turbine
A simple turbine (Exploded view)
A simple turbine operation
Cascade view
 PARTS OF A TURBO MACHINE

1. Rotating element (vane, impeller or blades)

2. Stationary elements – which usually guide the fluid

in proper direction for efficient energy conversion
process.

3. Shaft – which either gives input power or takes

output power from fluid under dynamic conditions and
runs at required speed.

4. Housing – to keep various rotating, stationery and

other passages safely under dynamic conditions of the
flowing fluid.
PARTS OF A TURBO MACHINE
Axial flow turbo machine
Radial flow turbo machine
 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES

1. Based on energy transfer

a) Energy is given by fluid to the rotor - Power

generating turbo machine e.g. Turbines

b) Energy given by the rotor to the fluid – Power

absorbing turbo machine

Example are: Pumps, blowers and compressors

 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES

2. Based on fluid flowing in turbo machine

a) Water
b) Air
c) Steam
d) Hot gases
e) Liquids like petrol etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES

3. Based on direction of flow through the impeller or

vanes or blades, with reference to the axis of shaft
rotation

a) Axial flow – Axial pump, compressor or turbine

b) Mixed flow – Mixed flow pump, Francis turbine
c) Radial flow – Centrifugal pump or compressor
d) Tangential flow – Pelton water turbine
 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES

4. Based on condition of fluid in turbo machine

a) Impulse type (constant pressure) e.g. Pelton water

turbine
b) Reaction type (variable pressure) E.g. Francis
reaction turbine
 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES

5. Based on position of rotating shaft

a) Horizontal shaft – Steam turbines

b) Vertical shaft – Kaplan water turbines

c) Inclined shaft – Modern bulb micro
 Single stage axial flow pump or compressor

Kaplan turbine (axial flow) Mixed flow pump

 Single stage axial flow pump or compressor

Modern Francis turbine Centrifugal compressor

(mixed flow type)
 Single stage axial flow pump or compressor

Steady flow energy process

Bulb turbine (inclined shaft) in turbo machine
 Basic Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics

This chapter summarizes the basic physical laws of

fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, developing
them into a form suitable for the study of turbomachines.
The laws discussed are:
(1) the continuity of flow equation;
(2) the first law of thermodynamics and the steady flow
energy equation;
(3) the momentum equation;
(4) the second law of thermodynamics.
 The equation of continuity

Consider the flow of a fluid

with density , through the
element of area dA,
during the time interval dt.
If c is the stream velocity
the elementary mass is
dm = c dt dA cos
where  is the angle subtended by the normal of the
area element to the stream direction. The velocity
component perpendicular to the area dA is cn=c cos 
and so dm = cn dA dt. The elementary rate of mass
 The equation of continuity

In this chapter, we will be limited to one-dimensional

steady flows where the velocity and density are
regarded as constant across each section of a duct
or passage. If A1 and A2 are the flow areas at stations 1
and 2 along a passage respectively, then

Since there is no accumulation of fluid within the

control volume.
 The first law of thermodynamics internal energy

The first law of thermodynamics states that if a system

is taken through a complete cycle during which heat is
supplied and work is done, then

Where dQ represents the heat supplied to the system

during the cycle and dW the work done by the system
during the cycle. The units of heat and work in the
above equation are taken to be the same.
 The first law of thermodynamics internal energy

During a change of state from 1 to 2, there is a change

in the internal energy,
 The steady flow energy equation

Control volume showing sign convention for heat and

work transfers.
 The steady flow energy equation

Figure shows a control volume representing a

turbomachine, through which fluid passes at a steady
rate of mass flow , entering at position 1 and leaving
at position 2. Energy is transferred from the fluid to the
blades of the turbomachine, positive work being done
(via the shaft) at the rate In the general case positive
heat transfer takes place at the rate from the
surroundings to the control volume. Thus, with this sign
convention the steady flow energy equation is
 The steady flow energy equation

where h is the specific enthalpy, ½ c2 , the kinetic energy

per unit mass and gz the potential energy per unit mass.

Defining stagnation enthalpy by

Most turbomachinery flow processes are adiabatic

The steady flow energy equation
 The momentum equation
Newton’s second law of motion
The momentum equation relates the sum of the external
forces acting on a fluid element to its acceleration, or to
the rate of change of momentum in the direction of the
resultant external force.

In the study of turbomachines many applications of the

momentum equation can be found, e.g. the force
exerted upon a blade in a compressor or turbine
cascade caused by the deflection or acceleration
of fluid passing the blades.
 The momentum equation
Newton’s second law of motion
Considering a system of mass m, the sum of all the body
and surface forces acting on m along some arbitrary
direction x is equal to the time rate of change of the total
x-momentum of the system, i.e.

For a control volume where fluid enters steadily at a

uniform velocity and leaves steadily with a uniform
velocity
 Euler’s equation of motion

For the steady flow of fluid through an elementary

control volume that, in the absence of all shear forces,
the relation

is Euler’s equation of motion for one-dimensional flow

 Bernoulli’s equation

The one-dimensional form of

Euler’s equation applies to a
control volume whose thickness
is infinitesimal in the stream
direction (Figure ). Integrating
this equation in the stream
direction we obtain

For an incompressible fluid, is constant

 Bernoulli’s equation

When dealing with hydraulic turbomachines, the term

head H occurs frequently and describes the quantity

If the fluid is a gas or vapor, the change in gravitational

potential is generally negligible and eqn. is then
 Bernoulli’s equation

Now, if the gas or vapor is subject to only a small

pressure change the fluid density is sensibly constant

i.e. the stagnation pressure is constant (this is also true

for a compressible isentropic process).
 Moment of momentum

In dynamics much useful information is obtained by

employing Newton’s second law in the form where it
applies to the moments of forces. This form is of central
importance in the analysis of the energy transfer process
in turbomachines.

For a system of mass m, the vector sum of the moments

of all external forces acting on the system about some
arbitrary axis A- A fixed in space is equal to the
time rate of change of angular momentum of the system
about that axis, i.e.
 Moment of momentum
where r is distance of the mass center from the axis of
rotation measured along the normal to the axis and c
the velocity component mutually perpendicular to both
the axis and radius vector r.
Figure shows the
control volume
enclosing the rotor of
a generalized
turbomachine.
Swirling fluid enters
the control volume at
radius r1 with
tangential velocity c1
 Moment of momentum

And leaves at radius r2 with tangential velocity c2 . For

one-dimensional steady flow

which states that, the sum of the moments of the

external forces acting on fluid temporarily occupying the
control volume is equal to the net time rate of efflux of
angular momentum from the control volume.
 Defining rothalpy

In a compressor or pump the specific work done on the

fluid equals the rise in stagnation enthalpy. Thus,
combining pump work and Euler pump equations

This relationship is true for steady, adiabatic and

irreversible flow in compressor or in pump impellers.

This function I is called rothalpy, a contraction of

rotational stagnation enthalpy.
 Defining rothalpy

As the value of rothalpy is apparently unchanged

between entry and exit of the impeller it is deduced that
it must be constant along the flow lines between these
two stations. Thus, the rothalpy can be written generally
as
 The second law of thermodynamics entropy
The second law of thermodynamics enables the concept
of entropy to be introduced and ideal thermodynamic
processes to be defined.

An important and useful corollary of the second law of

thermodynamics, known as the Inequality of Clausius,
states that for a system passing through a cycle
involving heat exchanges,
 The second law of thermodynamics entropy

where dQ is an element of heat transferred to the

system at an absolute temperature T. If all the
processes in the cycle are reversible then dQ = dQR
and the equality holds true, i.e.

The property called entropy, for a finite change of state,

is then defined as
 The second law of thermodynamics entropy

For an incremental change of state

where m is the mass of the system.

With steady one-dimensional flow through a control
volume in which the fluid experiences a change of state
from condition 1 at entry to 2 at exit,
 The second law of thermodynamics entropy

Thus, for a flow which is adiabatic, the ideal process will

be one in which the entropy remains unchanged during
the process (the condition of isentropy).
 Definitions of efficiency

Efficiency of turbines
Turbines are designed to convert the available energy in
a flowing fluid into useful mechanical work delivered at
the coupling of the output shaft. The efficiency of this
process, the overall efficiency is a performance
factor of considerable interest to both designer and user
of the turbine. Thus,
 Definitions of efficiency

Steam and gas turbines:

 Definitions of efficiency

Steam and gas turbines:

 Definitions of efficiency

the actual turbine rotor specific work

Similarly, the ideal turbine rotor specific work between

the same two pressures is

For these two cases the turbine and stage adiabatic

efficiency , is the total-to-total efficiency and is defined
as
 Definitions of efficiency

If the difference between the inlet and outlet kinetic

energies is small,

When the exhaust kinetic energy is not usefully

employed and entirely wasted, the relevant adiabatic
efficiency is the total-to-static efficiency . Thus
 Definitions of efficiency

If the difference between inlet and outlet kinetic

energies is small, then
 Definitions of efficiency

Hydraulic turbines:
When the working fluid is a liquid, the turbine hydraulic
efficiency is defined as the work supplied by the
rotor in unit time divided by the hydrodynamic energy
difference of the fluid per unit time, i.e.
 Definitions of efficiency

Efficiency of compressors and pumps:

The isentropic efficiency of a compressor or the

hydraulic efficiency of a pump is broadly defined as,
 Definitions of efficiency

The power input to the rotor (or impeller) is always less

than the power supplied at the coupling because of
external energy losses in the bearings and glands, etc.
Thus, the overall efficiency of the compressor or pump is

Hence the mechanical efficiency is

 Definitions of efficiency

For an adiabatic compressor the only meaningful

efficiency is the total-to-total efficiency which is

If the difference between inlet and outlet kinetic

energies is small
 Definitions of efficiency

The adiabatic efficiency of the whole compression

process is

the isentropic efficiency for the whole compression

process is
 Problems

Q.1 Steam flows at the rate m = 0.20 kg/s through each

nozzle in the bank of nozzles shown in Figure 1. Steam
conditions are such that at the inlet specific volume is
0.80 m3/kg and at the outlet it is 1.00 m3/kg. Spacing of
the nozzles is s = 5.0 cm, wall thickness at the inlet is t1
= 2.5 mm, and at the outlet it is t2 = 2.0 mm. Blade
height is b = 3.0 cm. Nozzle angle is 2 = 70°. Find the
steam velocity at the inlet and at the outlet.
Problems
Problems
 Problems
Q. 2 Steam flows adiabatically at a rate m = 0.01 kg/s
through a diffuser, shown in Figure 2, with inlet diameter
Di = 1.0 cm. Specific volume at the inlet v1 = 2.40 m3/kg.
Exit diameter is D2 = 2.5 cm, with specific volume at the
outlet v2 = 3.80m3/kg. Find the change in enthalpy
neglecting any change in the potential energy.
Problems
 Problems

Q.3 Steam at p1 = 6000 kPa and T1 = 400° C expands

reversibly and adiabatically through a steam turbine to
pressure p2 = 60 kPa.
(a) Find the exit quality and
(b) The work delivered if the change in kinetic energy is
neglected.

Solution: (a) The fhermodynamic properties at the inlet

to the turbine are first found
from the steam tables, or calculated using computer
software. Either way shows that
h1 = 3177.0kJ/kg and s1 = 6.5404kJ/(kg • K). Since the
process is reversible and adiabatic and s1=s2.
 Problems

Q.3 Steam at p1 = 6000 kPa and T1 = 400° C expands

reversibly and adiabatically through a steam turbine to
pressure p2 = 60 kPa.
(a) Find the exit quality and
(b) The work delivered if the change in kinetic energy is
neglected.

Solution: (a) The thermodynamic properties at the inlet

to the turbine are first found from the steam tables,
h1 = 3177.0kJ/kg and s1 = 6.5404kJ/(kg • K). Since the
process is reversible and adiabatic and s1=s2.
Problems
 Problems
Q. 4 Steam from a steam chest of a single-stage turbine
at p1 = 3 bar and T1 = 440° C expands reversibly and
adiabatically through a nozzle to pressure of p2 = 1 bar.
Find the velocity of the steam at the exit.

Solution: Since the process is isentropic, the states

move down along a vertical line and h1 = 3358.7 kJ/kg,
and its entropy is s1 = 8.1536kJ/(kg • K). For an
isentropic process, the exit state is determined by
P2 = l bar and s2 — 8.1536kJ/(kg • K). Enthalpy,
obtained by interpolating in the tables, is h2 = 3039.2
kJ/kg.
Problems
 Problems
Water as saturated liquid at p1 = 6 kPa is pumped to
pressure p2 = 3400 kPa. Find the specific work done by
assuming the process to be reversible and adiabatic,
assuming that the difference in kinetic energy between
inlet and exit is small and can be neglected. Also
calculate the enthalpy of water at the state with
temperature T2 = 36.17°C and pressure p2 = 3400 kPa.
Solution: Since at the inlet to the pump water exists as
saturated liquid, its temperature is T1 = 36.17°C, specific
volume is V1 = Vf=- 0.0010065 m3/kg, and entropy is
Sl = Sf = 0.5208 kJ/(kg K). At this state its enthalpy
h1=hf= 151.473 kJ/kg.
Problems
 Problems
Q. 6 Air enters a compressor at p1 = 100 kPa and T1 =
300 K. It is compressed isentropically to p2 = 1200 kPa.
Assuming that there is no change in the kinetic
energy between the inlet and the exit, find the work done
by the compressor using the air tables.
 Problems
Q.7 Air enters a compressor at p1 = 100 kPa and T1 =
300 K. It is compressed isentropically to p2 = 1200 kPa.
Find the work done by the compressor assuming
constant specific heats with  = 1.4 and using variable
specific heats.