Metabolic Balance in the Human Body

Anabolism = Catabolism
Cytosol:
NUTRIENTS SUPPLY IN BODY
Glycolysis,
Lipids Polysaccharides Proteins Nucleic Acids
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Lipolysis Glycogenolysis Proteolysis Digestion
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Fatty Acid/Glycerol Glucose Amino Acids Nucleotides

Fatty Acid Oxidation Glycolysis Degradation Degradation Mitochondria matrix:

Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Acetyl CoA NH3 Pyrimidines/Purines Citric Acid Cycle,
Ketone Bodies TCA cycle Urea Cycle Uric Acid Oxidative Phosphorylation,
NADH/FADH2 CO2 Urea CO2
B-Oxidation of fatty acids
Oxidative Phosphorylation
B-NH2-Butyrate Ketone Bodies
Gluconeogenesis
ATP
Urea Cycle
Aminoacid Gluconeogenesis Fatty Acid
Synthesis Synthesis

Amino Acids + Glucose + Fatty Acids

Microsome:
Protein synthesis
Drug metabolism
Nucleotides Glycogen Triglycerides lipid, steroids,
biogenic amines
Nucleic Acid ecosanoids Peroxisomes:
catacholamines Synthesis
heme Xenobiotic metabolism
RNA,DNA
Free radical metabolism
 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
• BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
• GLYCOLYSIS
• TCA CYCLE
• OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
• PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
• GLUCONEOGENESIS
• MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE SYNTHESIS
• GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS AND STORAGE
 Examination Questions
• Describe carbohydrates (monosaccharides,
disaccharides, polysaccharides), classification,
chemistry with structures.

• Short questions:
 Monosaccharides
 Disaccharides
 Mutarotation
 Isomerism and anomers
 Glycogen storage diseases
 Mucopolysaccharidoses
 Cerebrosides and Gangliosides
 Exam Questions
• Describe digestion and absorption of
carbohydrates in the body. Give an account of
disaccharide malabsorption across small
intestine.
• Short Notes on:
Lactose Intolerence
Disaccharidase deficiency
Absorption of carbohydrates
Enzymes Catalyse Carbohydrate Digestion
and Absorption Using ATP
• What are enzymes?
Monosaccharidase, Disaccharidase, Amylase
• How ATP is used and ATP is formed in the
body?
Bioenergetics, ADP+iPATP (Kinases)
 Examination Questions
Question: What do you understand by terms
Glycolysis and TCA cycle? Describe reactions with
ATP outcome and significance.
Question: How ATP is formed by TCA cycle? Write
significance of phosphorylation in the cell.
Short notes on: Anerobic Glycolysis; Amphibolic TCA
pathway; ATP
Differentiate between: Aerobic/anerobic glycolysis
 Examination Questions
Long Questions:
• What is enzyme? Describe co-enzymes. Give classification of enzymes.
• Describe enzyme kinetics. Describe various factors influencing the rate of
reaction and enzyme kinetics.
• Describe different types of enzyme inhibition. Give examples of inhibitors
with their role in drug value.
• Describe enzyme regulation. Describe various types of enzyme regulating
factors.

Short Notes:
Competitive Inhibition; Coenzymes; Michelis Menton Equation;
Enzyme Regulation
Differentiate between: Co-enzyme and Co-factor; Competitive and Non
competitive Inhibition; Ribozyme and Enzyme