FALLACIES

COMMITTED IN AN
ARGUMENTATIVE
ESSAY
 “
Were you able to convince
your family member that
your point is valid and
he/she should agree with
you?

2
 “
Were you successful in
winning your family over to
your way of thinking?
Why? Or Why Not?

3
 “
Was it easy to open up with
your partner? What made it
easy or the opposite?

4
 “
What made the sharing
experience interesting and
enjoyable or the opposite?

5
 “
1. HOW IMPORTANT IS BEING
ABLE TO DEFEND A STANCE IN
AN ARGUMENT?
2. WHAT IS THE REAL-LIFE
IMPLICATION OF WINNING AN
ARGUMENT?

6
 Fallacies
Fallacies are defects in reasoning. A fallacy is
an error in reasoning and this usually happens
when one have faulty assumptions in the way
ideas are related.

7
 Sweeping generalizations
8

This happens when one

comes up with a conclusion
based on a limited number of
examples.
 Sweeping generalizations
9
The first son of Mr. and Mrs. Academico,
Honorato, is academically gifted and he
graduated with honors. Their second son,
Leoncio, also academically gifted, graduated
with honors. Surely, their third son and the
rest of the five children are also academically
gifted and will graduate with honors.
 Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
10

Concluding that two things that

happened one after the other
are totally related.
You saw your classmate crying after
talking to your teacher. You conclude
that she was reprimanded for an error
that she committed.
 Poisoning the well / Ad Hominem
11

It is a response a person’s argument

attacking the person’s character rather
than the logic or content of the
argument.
Example: He is just a war mongering
idiot so you should never consider
getting him to our side.
 Appeal to Authority
12

◈ To assume that an argument is correct

just because a popular or esteemed
person is the one saying it.
◈ Example: Magic Cereal is the best
starch cereal for breakfast because
Michael Jordan says that it is what he
eats every morning.
 Ad Populum
13

◈ To assume that something is good or

correct because many people or most
people believe it.
◈ Example: John thinks that “ aliens”
exist because most of his neighbors
believe it.
 False Analogy
14

◈ This happens when two unlike

concepts are compared as if they are
just similar to one another.
◈ Example: Manny Paquiao will be a
good presidentiable since he was able
to function both as a boxer and a
senator.
 False dichotomy
15

◈ This happens when two choices are

presented as if they were the only
choices available.
Example: Because the Makabayan
group is rallying against the government
policy of Operation Tokhang this group
is considered as anti-nationalistic group.
 Non-sequitur
16 ◈ This literally means “it does not
follow”. This is a general term for all
irrelevancies. Here is no logical
connection between the cause and
effect.
◈ Example: Atty. Herman Kristiyano
won in the election because he is very
religious.
 A Fortiori
17
◈ This is maintaining that what is true
in one instance must be true to all
other instances.
◈ Example: A person who is not true
to himself will never be able to be
true to others.
.
 Black and White Fallacies
18
◈ This is erroneously assuming that a
sharp line could be drawn between
two opposing categories.
◈ Example: Your friend is either a
leftist or a rightist.
◈ .
19
◈ Are planning is a job for adults. As a
leader of the group, you are tasked to
write a position paper addressed to
the community elders to show your
arguments in favour of organizing the
concert.
 BIG CONCEPT
Bring the attention of your audience over a key concept
using icons or illustrations

20
 You can also split your content
21
White Black
Is the color of milk and Is the color of coal, ebony,
fresh snow, the color and of outer space. It is the
produced by the darkest color, the result of
combination of all the the absence of or complete
colors of the visible absorption of light.
spectrum.
 In two or three columns
22
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the Is the color of blood,
butter and ripe clear sky and the and because of this it
lemons. In the deep sea. It is located has historically been
spectrum of visible between violet and associated with
light, yellow is found green on the optical sacrifice, danger and
between green and spectrum. courage.
orange.
 A picture is worth a thousand words
23
A complex idea can be
conveyed with just a
single still image,
namely making it
possible to absorb
large amounts of data
quickly.
Want big impact?
Use big image.

24
 Use diagrams to explain your ideas
25

Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum

 And tables to compare data
26

A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

Blue 30 15 10

Orange 5 24 16
 Maps

our office

27
 89,526,124
Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?

28
 89,526,124$
That’s a lot of money

185,244 users
And a lot of users

100%
Total success!

29
 Our process is easy
30
Vestibulum congue
tempus

1 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor. Donec facilisis
Vestibulum congue lacus eget mauris.
tempus

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, 2

consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor. Donec facilisis Vestibulum congue
lacus eget mauris. tempus

3 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor. Donec facilisis
lacus eget mauris.
 Let’s review some concepts
31
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of
visible light, yellow is found
between green and orange.
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of
visible light, yellow is found
between green and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and
the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on the
optical spectrum.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and
the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on the
optical spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has historically
been associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has historically
been associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
32

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