Course Information

Course Name: Foundation Physics II

Course Code: PHY098
Program: PI008 & PI009
Semester: 02
Credit Hours: 5
Contact Hours : Lecture: 3; Tutorial: 1; Practical: 1
Assessment:
Test: 15%
Lab Report / Presentation: 10%
Lab Observation: 10%
Quizzes: 5%
Assignment: 10%
Final Examination: 50%

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 Recommended Textbook:

1.Serway R.A., College Physics. 11th edition,

International Edition. Cengage learning, 2018

2.Walker, J.S. Physics. 4th edition. Pearson

Addison-Wesley, 2010.

3.Giancoli, D.C. Physics for Scientists and

Engineers with Modern Physics. 4th edition.
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.

4.Giancoli, D.C. Physics. 6th edition.

International Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.,
2005.

5.Cutnell, J.D. and Johnson, K.W. Physics. 8th

edition. USA: John Wiley & Sons., 2004.

6.Knight, Randal Dewey. Physics for Scientist

and Engineers. 2nd edition. Pearson Addison-
Wesley, 2008.

7.Cheong Foon Choong.

PreU/STPM/Matriculation. Malaysia. Pearson
and Longman, 2004.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
 PHY098
FOUNDATION PHYSICS II

ELECTRIC FORCES
AND FIELDS

Dr. Siti Khatijah Deraman

PhD (Advanced Materials)

Pusat Asasi, UiTM Cawangan Selangor,

Kampus Dengkil,
43800 Selangor, Malaysia.

drsitikhatijah@uitm.edu.my
+60389245520

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
• Define the Sl unit of electric charge
• Identify and state the basic carriers of positive and negative charge.
• Explain the concept of charge conservation and the role of experiments in early studies
of electricity.
• Describe conductors, insulators, and semi-conductors on the basis of their relative
abilities to conduct electric charge. (Qualitative)
• Describe the physical processes of polarization and charging by conduction o
induction. (Qualitative)
• State Coulomb's law and summarize the properties of the electric force between two
charged particles.
• Explain the equation
The Notation as the force on charge 1 by charge 2. The direction using unit vector
notations or
• Sketch the force diagram and apply Coulomb's law and the superposition principle to
systems of charge particles in one dimension.
• Explain Charge Distribution. (Qualitative)

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 Units of Chapter 15
• 15.1 Electric Charges, Insulators, and Conductors
• 15.2 Coulomb’s Law
• 15.3 Electric Fields
• 15.4 Electric Field Lines
• 15.5 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
• 15.8 Electric Flux and Gauss’ Law

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 15-1 Electric Charges, Insulators, and
Conductors
The effects of electric charge were first
observed as static electricity.

After being rubbed on a

piece of fur, an amber
rod acquires a charge
and can attract small
objects.
If a glass is rubbed with
a piece of silk, it too can
attract small objects.
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 Based on the above experiment, there are two types of electric
charge; like charges repel and opposites attract.
The two types of charge found on glass and amber are positive
charge and negative charge.
An object that contains an equal amount of positive and negative
charge has zero net charge (electrically neutral).

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 All electrons have exactly the same charge. This charge is
defined to have a magnitude e.

Charge on an electron is –e. Charge on a proton is +e.

Neutron has zero charge.

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 Before charging, the amber and
the fur are both neutral.

During the rubbing process,

some electrons are transferred
from the fur to the amber, giving
the amber a net negative charge
and leaving the fur with a net
positive charge.

During this process, no charge

is created or destroyed, but
charged is transferred.

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 Conservation of Electric Charge - We find that the total
electric charge of the universe is a constant. No physical
process can result in an increase or decrease in the total
amount of electric charge in the universe.

Also, electric charge is quantized in units of e. Charge on

an object can be ±e, ±2e, ±3e and so on but never 1.5e
for example.

The atom that has lost an electron is now positively

charged – it is a positive ion
The atom that has gained an electron is now negatively
charged – it is a negative ion
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 Conductor: A material whose conduction
electrons are free to move throughout. Most
metals are conductors.
Insulator: A material whose electrons seldom
move from atom to atom. Most insulators are
non-metals.
Semiconductors: A material whose properties
is between conductors and insulators.

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 Charging by conduction

Suppose you rub one end of an

amber rod (insulator) with fur,
being careful not to touch the other
end.

The result is that the rubbed

portion becomes charged, whereas
the other end remains constant.
If a charged rod is brought in
contact with a metallic sphere
(conductor), the charge from the
rod is transferred at the point of
contact.
Since the metallic sphere is a
conductor, the transferred charge
then spreads over the entire
surface of the sphere.
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 Charging by induction
One way to charge an object is to touch it with a charged rod. It is also
possible to charge an object without making direct physical contact;
charging by induction.
(a) A charged rod induces + and –
charges on opposite sides of the
conductor.
(b) When the conductor is grounded,
charges that are repelled by the rod
enter the ground.
(c) Removing the wire, with the
charged rod in place, traps the net
charge on the conductor.
(d) The charged rod now can be
removed, and the conductor retains
a charge that is opposite in sign to
that on the charged rod.
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 Polarization
It is also possible for
a charged rod to
attract small objects
that have zero net
charge.
The mechanism
responsible for this
attraction is called
polarization.

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 15-2 Coulomb’s Law
Electric charges exert forces on one another; like
charges repel, opposite charges attract.
Coulomb’s law gives the force between two point
charges:

The force is along the line connecting the charges, and

is attractive if the charges are opposite, and repulsive
if the charges are like.
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 The forces exerted by two point charges on one another are always along the line
connecting the charges.
If the charges have the same sign, as in (a) and (c), the forces are repulsive; that is
each charge experiences a force that points away from the other charge.
Charges of opposite sign as in (b), experience attractive forces.
Note that Newton’s third law applies to each of the cases shown above. The force
exerted on charge 1 by charge 2, F12 is always equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the force exerted on charge 2 by charge 1, F21; that is F21=-F12

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 Example 15.1

a)

b)

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 Superposition of Forces
Since electric force is a vector quantity, if there are multiple point charges,
the forces add by superposition.
The total force on charge 1, F1, is the vector sum of the forces due to
charges 2, 3 and 4.
F1 = F12 + F13 + F14

(a) Forces are exerted on q1 by the charge q2, q3 and q4. These forces are
F12, F13 and F14 respectively.
(b) The net force acting on q1, which we label F1, is the vector sum of F12, F13
and F14.
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 Example 15.2

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 Example 15.3

a)

c)

b)

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