Msu Gensan Apceiu Global Local Justice Workshop Oct 2019

MSU-GENSAN
& APCEIU under the auspices of UNESCO
Seminar- Workshop on Peace & Global Citizenship Education

For Fundamentals of Peace Education 101
General Santos City, Philippines

Oct 28-30, 2019
Education for Global-Local Justice
Toh Swee-Hin (S.H.Toh), PhD
Professor Emeritus, University of Alberta, Canada

President, World Council for Curriculum & Insruction (WCCI)
Laureate, UNESCO Prize for Peace Education (2000)
GLOBAL CITIZENS
are empowered with critical knowledge, values,
principles and skills/ competences
to engage in personal and social action
for the building a holistic, mulit-dimensional
CULTURE OF PEACE
dismantling a
culture of war
living with justice
and compassion
Culture
cultivating
inner peace
Of
Peace promoting
human rights &
responsibilities
living in building
harmony with intercultural
the earth respect,
reconciliation &
solidarity
S.H. Toh & V.F Cawagas (2012)
Realities/ Symptoms
World hunger and poverty – symptoms
• In2015, 736 million people lived on less than $1.90 a day (World
Bank measure of extreme poverty), down from 1.85 billion in
1990.
• Two regions, East Asia and Pacific (47 million extreme poor) and
Europe and Central Asia (7 million) have reduced extreme
poverty to below 3 percent, achieving the 2030 target.
• More than half of the extreme poor live in Sub-Saharan

Africa… If the trend continues, by 2030, nearly 9 out of 10
extreme poor will be in Sub-Saharan Africa.
SHToh & VCawagas, Global Citizenship Education (GCED) Workshop, Universidad de Santa Isabel, Naga City, 24-26 March 2018
• The majority of the global poor live in rural areas,
are poorly educated, employed in the agricultural
sector, and under 18 years of age.
• “Worldwide, the poverty rate in rural areas is 17.2

per cent…..three times higher than in urban areas.”
• “Having a job does not guarantee a decent living.

In fact, 8 per cent of employed workers and their
families worldwide lived in extreme poverty in
2018. Poverty affects children disproportionately.
One out of five children live in extreme poverty.”
People living in extreme poverty (below US $1.90)
• 383 M in Africa
• 327 M in Asia
• 19 M in South America
• 13 M in North America
• 2.5 M in Oceania
• 0.7 M in Europe
• https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty/
 795 million people of the 7.3 billion people in
the world (87%) suffer from chronic
undernourishment ( 2014-2016)
 780 million, live in Global South (“developing

countries”) representing 12.9 percent, or one in
eight
 47 % of people living in extreme poverty are

18 years or younger
 More than 2.6 billion people – over 40 per cent of
the world’s population – do not have basic
sanitation
 More than one billion people still use unsafe

sources of drinking water
 26 people die from infectious diseases per minute
 100 million people homeless worldwide
 As many as 1.6 billion people lacked adequate

housing
Undernutrition cause of 3·1 million child deaths annually
or 45% of all child deaths in 2011
UNICEF
About 29,000 children under the age of five – 21 each
minute – die every day, mainly from preventable causes.
Unless the world tackles inequity today, in 2030:
• 167 million children will live in poverty
• 69 million children under age 5 will die between 2016 and
2030
• 60 million children of primary school age will be out of
school
168 million child labourers - 85 million in hazardous work

Global inequality /Rich-poor gap
Champagne Glass Distribution of Wealth in World (2009)
https://thesocietypages.org/graphicsociology/2009/05/27/champagne-glass-distribution-of-wealth/
OXFAM’s report, ‘An economy for the 99
percent’
Eight men own the same wealth as the 3.6

billion people who make up the poorest half
of humanity,
Winnie Byanyima, Executive Director of Oxfam
International
“It is obscene for so much wealth to be held in the
hands of so few when 1 in 10 people survive on
less than $2 a day. Inequality is trapping
hundreds of millions in poverty; it is fracturing
our societies and undermining democracy”.
DEEPENING POVERTY & INEQUALITIES
Richest 1 percent bagged 82 percent of wealth created

last year - poorest half of humanity (3.7 billion) got
nothing
Published: OXFAM
22 January 2018
Women & children most

vulnerable
152 million in child labour,

73 million in hazardous
conditions.
•Rich minority of nations and
citizens
Inequalities between and

•
within nations
MASS CONSUMPTION & CONSUMERISM
How the world is divided and labeled
Dominant paradigm
“Underdeveloped” [not used nowadays]
“Least developed”
“Developing” [ “less industrialized:]
“Developed” [advanced industrialized ; leading nations are
G7 or G8 if Russia included ]
“G20” [ 20 major economies]
“NICs” (Newly industrialized countries) (e.g. South Korea,

Taiwan, Singapore )
“BRICS” [Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa]

Alternative /Critical Paradigm
First World”, “Second World”, “Third World”
[rarely used nowadays – political meaning in terms of political and economic
power hierarchy]
Critique of “Developing” & “Developed” labels - implies citizens of advanced

industrialized nations are more “developed” human beings compared to
people in less industrialized countries
Can we say that citizens of “high GNP”/advanced industrialized nations, are
also therefore are more advanced “culturally”,”spiritually” or “have more
wisdom” than citizens of less industrialized/lower GNP countries?
If not, then more appropriate terms are :
“Global North” (advanced industrialized)

“Global South” ( less industrialized)
Declaration on the Right to Development (1986)
“development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and

political process, which aims at the constant improvement of the well-
being of the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of
their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in
the fair distribution of benefits resulting therefrom.”
• demands comprehensive and human-centred development policy,

participatory development processes, social justice and equity;
• based on human rights principles :

equality, non-discrimination, participation, transparency,
accountability, self-determination and full sovereignty over natural
wealth and resources;
What are the Millennium Development Goals?
Adopted year 2000 to be achieved by 2015
• Goal 1: Eradicate global poverty and hunger

• Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
• Goal 3: Gender equality and empower women
• Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
• Goal 5: Improve maternal health
• Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
• Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for
development
MDGs achievement : targets partially met
UN : POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA

(initiated at Rio +20 Conference, 2012 to build on MDGs))
Adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit September

25–27, 2015 in New York, USA
“ Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development.”
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
17 SDGs and 169 Targets

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
In Peace Education, GCED and other fields
of transformative education, etc……
LEARNERS NEED TO UNDERSTAND

DIFFERENT PARADIGMS OF
“ DEVELOPMENT”
&
“GLOBALIZATION”
Dominant
MODERNIZATION [LIBERAL/ NEO-LIBERAL]
PARADIGM OF DEVELOPMENT
(Globalization from Above / Corporate-led Globalization)
role-model of
growth first
industrialized
“developed”
countries
“developing” countries
“developed” countries
lack capital, expertise,
helpful through trade,
infrastructure,
aid, & investments
modern values
integration in
FTAs, WTO,
globalized economy:
TNCs , IFIs
privatization, liberalization
Dominant
MODERNIZATION [LIBERAL/ NEO-LIBERAL]
PARADIGM OF DEVELOPMENT
(Globalization from Above / Corporate-led Globalization)
• growth first
• role-model of industrialized “developed” countries
• capitalist model of development
• “developing”
countries lack capital, expertise, infrastructure,
modern values
• “developed” countries helpful through trade, aid, & investments

• TNCs , IFIs, FTA, WTO
• integration in globalized economy ; privatization, liberalization
ALTERNATIVE PARADIGM emerged to challenge
DOMINANT PARADIGM
Root causes of global poverty and hunger embedded in
“Structural Violence”
• Unequal economic and social structures, relationships
and systems means global resources not distributed
fairly.
• Sufficient
planetary resources for basic needs of all
human beings – if production and distribution fair.
• People, especially vulnerable sectors, die needlessly

even in absence of wars and armed conflicts.
Power of large transnational corporations (TNCs)
# two-thirds of international trade , 80% FDI
# control local and national resources (lands,
minerals, seeds, inputs, agricultural exports,
industrial investments, financial; patents)
# profit-maximizing & unethical and
unsustainable conduct
# collaborate with local & national elites who
benefit much more from TNC activities than poor
majorities
CHALLENGING NEO-LIBERAL
(CORPORATE-LED) GLOBALIZATION/
“GLOBALIZATION FROM ABOVE”
Contradictions of
Corporate Globalization
 Race to the bottom
 Polarization of Haves and Have Nots
 Ecological unsustainability
 Consumerist values and homogenization
of culture
 Human Rights violations
 Weakening of democracy
Power of IFIs (International Financial
Institutions) controlled by rich Global North
nations
(1) IMF - structural adjustment policies
(2) World Bank:
 Lending for programmes and projects based
on dominant modernization - “corporate led”
globalization paradigm
 Social development funded but emphasis on
infrastructure, private sector development,
and economic growth
•debt trap [repayment of $1.5 billion per day]
•power of IMF, World Bank, WTO, free

trade agreements
• maximum growth paradigm
•power ofagribusiness TNCs –
control world food supply
•food
security & sovereignty
undermined
•indebtedness of farmers (e.g.
suicides)
•unsustainable operations
(pollutions, depletion of
biodiversity, deforestation,
mining , agribusiness, GMOs,
mega-dams, water overuse, etc)
• violations of rights of workers (adults, women ,
children)
line – mostly women (e.g.
• global assembly
garments, electronics, toys, etc)
• “cheaper” consumer products
• brand names manipulation
• culture of over-consumerism
P.E.A.C.E. PARADIGM OF DEVELOPMENT
(Alternative Paradigm)
Participatory Ecological
sustainability
Critical
Equitable Empowerment
Appropriate
Virginia Cawagas & Toh Swee-Hin, Senior Fellows, UN-mandated University for Peace, Costa Rica
WHAT CAN WE DO?
 Support grassroots people-centred

development programmes and projects
 Avoid pity, show compassion and solidarity
 Support good, appropriate people-centred aid
Virginia Cawagas & Toh Swee-Hin, Senior Fellows, UN-mandated University for Peace, Costa Rica
• Join movement of globalization from below:
• Control power of corporations; ethical code of

conduct
• Boycott campaigns e.g.Nike, Nestle
• Debt cancellation; Jubilee appeal
• Demystify free trade” ideology

• Challenge International Financial Institutions
( e.g. IMF, World Bank , WTO)
• Fair trade
Rural poor empowerment for food sovereignty
e.g. Vandana Shiva “Save the seeds” movement
e.g. Brazil ‘s Landless Workers Movement
e.g. Philippines
Fisherfolk coastal protection program
Urban poor empowerment

e.g. challenge demolitions of informal settlements
e.g. occupying unused public housing units
e.g. NGOs to protect rights of child labourers
• Rethink development and over-consumerism:
# from quantity to quality of life;
# from GNP to Genuine Progress Index ,

Human Security Index or Gross National
Happiness
 Youth clubs and projects (e.g., UNESCO Clubs; NGO school

associations; Free the Children)
 Integrate Global-Local Justice theme and issues in curriculum

& pedagogy (formal, nonformal, informal).
EXAMPLE OF SONG COMPOSITION
MOVING IN OUR HEARTS

(to the tune of “Blowing in the Wind”: lyrics by peace education
and EIU students and educators in various countries)
How many years must the poor farmers toil

Before they can call the land their own
How many seas must the fisherfolk sail
Before they can feed their families
And how many streets must the children walk
Before they can laugh and be whole
The answer my friends is moving in our hearts

The answer is moving in our hearts
How many lives must be lost in the wars
Before we can all live in peace
How many peoples must be hated and scorned
Before we can share the world as one
And why must women be lesser than men
Before we can walk hand in hand

How many beings must cry out in pain
Before all the faiths will act for peace
And how many people will suffer in vain
Before we can live with simple needs
And how many lands will be lost to the sea
Before we will love and heal the Earth


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MSU-GENSAN

& APCEIU under the auspices of UNESCO

Seminar- Workshop on Peace & Global Citizenship Education

General Santos City, Philippines

Education for Global-Local Justice

Toh Swee-Hin (S.H.Toh), PhD

Professor Emeritus, University of Alberta, Canada

to engage in personal and social action

for the building a holistic, mulit-dimensional

• More than half of the extreme poor live in Sub-Saharan

• “Worldwide, the poverty rate in rural areas is 17.2

• “Having a job does not guarantee a decent living.

 780 million, live in Global South (“developing

 47 % of people living in extreme poverty are

 More than one billion people still use unsafe

 26 people die from infectious diseases per minute

 100 million people homeless worldwide

 As many as 1.6 billion people lacked adequate

168 million child labourers - 85 million in hazardous work

Eight men own the same wealth as the 3.6

Richest 1 percent bagged 82 percent of wealth created

Women & children most

152 million in child labour,

Inequalities between and

“G20” [ 20 major economies]

“NICs” (Newly industrialized countries) (e.g. South Korea,

“BRICS” [Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa]

Critique of “Developing” & “Developed” labels - implies citizens of advanced

If not, then more appropriate terms are :

“Global North” (advanced industrialized)

“development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and

• demands comprehensive and human-centred development policy,

• based on human rights principles :

• Goal 1: Eradicate global poverty and hunger

UN : POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA

Adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit September

“ Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

17 SDGs and 169 Targets

LEARNERS NEED TO UNDERSTAND

• role-model of industrialized “developed” countries

• capitalist model of development

• “developed” countries helpful through trade, aid, & investments

• People, especially vulnerable sectors, die needlessly

•power of IMF, World Bank, WTO, free

 Support grassroots people-centred

 Avoid pity, show compassion and solidarity

 Support good, appropriate people-centred aid

• Control power of corporations; ethical code of

• Debt cancellation; Jubilee appeal

• Demystify free trade” ideology

e.g. Vandana Shiva “Save the seeds” movement

e.g. Brazil ‘s Landless Workers Movement

Urban poor empowerment

# from quantity to quality of life;

# from GNP to Genuine Progress Index ,

 Youth clubs and projects (e.g., UNESCO Clubs; NGO school

 Integrate Global-Local Justice theme and issues in curriculum

MOVING IN OUR HEARTS

How many years must the poor farmers toil

The answer my friends is moving in our hearts

The answer my friends is moving in our hearts

The answer my friends is moving in our hearts