Ilium

Ischium

•Contains 206 bones

•Protects body’s organs
•Supports the body
•Axial & Appendicular
• Axial  Protection
• Appendicular  Movement
• Red blood cells  Blood cells are produced by the
marrow located in some bones. An average of 2.6 million red blood
cells are produced each second by the bone marrow to replace those
worn out and destroyed by the liver.

• Store of minerals  Bones serve as a storage area for

minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. When an excess is present
in the blood, build up will occur within the bones. When the supply of
these minerals within the blood is low, it will be withdrawn from the
bones to replenish the supply.
 •Femur • Tarsals
•Tibia •Metartarsals
•Fibula •Carpals
•Humerus •Metarcarpals
•Ulna
•Radius

•Sternum •Vertebral column

•Scapula
•Cranium
•Pelvis
• Fibrous (fixed)

• Cartilagenous (slightly moveable)

• Synovial (freely moveable)

 •Fibrous joints are fixed, and
the only type of fibrous joint is
found in the skull (cranium).

•Cartilagenous joints are

slightly moveable and found
in such places as ;
•Sternum
•Vertebral column.
• There are 6 main types of synovial joint;

E.g Shoulder, Hip

E.g Elbow, Knee E.g Ankle

E.g Atlas & Axis E.g Wrist, Ankle

E.g Thumb
BALL & SOCKET HINGE GLIDING
•ABDUCTION •FLEXION •EXTENSION
•ADDUCTION •EXTENSION
•LATERAL & MEDIAL
ROTATION
•ELEVATION, DEPRESSION
•FLEXION
•EXTENSION

PIVOT CONDYLOID RADIO-ULNAR

•FLEXION •DORSI-FLEXION •PRONATION

•EXTENSION •PLANTAR-FLEXION •SUPINATION
•ROTATION •INVERSION
•HYPER-EXTENSION •EVERSION
 FLEXION
EXTENSION

ADDUCTION ABDUCTION
 DORSI-FLEXION & PLANTAR
ROTATION FLEXION

PRO-NATION SUPINATION
“The muscular system includes three types of
muscles. They are smooth, which are found on
the walls of internal organs, cardiac, which is
found only in the heart, and skeletal muscles,
which help strengthen the body and connect to
bones.”
 Trapezius
Pectoralis minor
Deltoid
Pectoralis major

Abdomen
•Rectus abdominis

•External oblique

•Internal oblique

•Transversus
abdominis
Pronator teres
Triceps Brachii

Biceps Brachii
Brachioradialis

Brachialis
FRONT BACK

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus
Adductor longus

Quadriceps Addcutor magnus

•Rectus femoris
Hamstrings
•Vastus
intermedius •Biceps femoris

•Vastus lateralis •Semitendinosus

•Vastus medialis •Semimembranosus

Fibularis longus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus
Tibialis anterior

Achilles Tendon
 Agonist & Antagonistic
• Agonist- Muscle contracts & shortens (prime
mover)
• Antagonist- Muscle relaxes and controls
movement
• Muscles do not work in isolation, work
together known as an antagonistic pair
• Synergist- Assists prime mover
• Fixator- Stabilises prime mover
 Contractions

•Muscle lengthens
•When muscle •Length of muscle
shortens stays constant •Does produce
muscle soreness
•Known as •Holds a static
‘positive’ phase of position, rapidly leads •Can be known as
contraction to fatigue ‘negative’ phase of
contraction
•E.g bicep brachii •E.g Holding an
in a bicep curl abdominal plank •E.g bicep brachii in
lowering phase of
bicep curl

•Shortens at rapid speed

•Specialised equipment is required, that
detects when a muscle is speeding up and can
increase the load
TYPE1

• Known as ‘slow oxidative fibres’

• Type 1 contract slowly with less force
• They are slow to fatigue
• Suited to longer duration aerobic activities
• Rich blood supply, contain many mitochondria
• Recruted for lower intensity, long duration
activities, e.g long distance running &
swimming.
TYPE 2A
• Known as ‘ Fast oxidative fibres’

• Fast to contract

• Produce large amounts of force

• However, resistant to fatigue

• E.g Suited to middlde distance events, and

games players.
TYPE 2b
• Known as ‘fast-glycolytic fibres’

• Contract rapidly

• Capacity to produce large amounts of force

• Fatigue more readily, better suited to anaerobic

activity

• E.g, high intensity, short duration.. Sprinters.