DIFFERENT

POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES

Philippine Governance and Politics

Liberalism
■ Representative government, free-speech, abolition
of class privilege and state protection of the
individual.
■ A political Ideology that gives importance to the
fulfillment of the individual through the satisfaction
of his interest.
■ Liberals believe that human beings are naturally
equipped with reasoning.
 Elements of Liberalism

■Individualism ■Toleration
■Freedom ■Consent
■Reason ■Constitutionalism
■Equality
Types of Liberalism
■ Classical Liberalism – Committed to an extreme form of
individualism which underscores the self-interest and
self-sufficiency of human beings. Government
interference is unnecessary and considered as unhealthy
and destructive to the economy , which should be
propelled by a self-regulating market.
■ Modern Liberalism – holds capitalism which is not
subject to regulation will merely give rise to injustices.
Founders of Liberalism
■Thomas Hobbes and the Social
Contract – he wrote the book
Leviathan wherein he discussed the
“Social Contract Theory”.
■John Locke and the Limited
Government – he wrote “Two Treaties
of Government”. He rejected Hobbe’s
idea of an all powerful sovereign.
Conservatism
■ Governmental system where the existing institution
are maintained, emphasizing free-enterprise and
minimal governmental intervention.
Elements of Conservatism

■Tradition ■Organicism
■Pragmatism ■Hierarchy
■Human ■Authority
Imperfection ■Property
 Edmund Burke and Modern
Conservatism
■ He wrote the book “Reflections on the Revolution in
France (1790)”.
■ Wisdom is mainly the result of experiences,
traditions, and history.
■ He blamed the French Monarchs for what befell
them, for not knowing or foresee the needs to adapt.
Socialism
■ Left-wing political system where the principle means
of production, distribution and exchange are in
common ownership
■ It stands in opposition to capitalism and proposes
an alternative which is more humane and equitable.
In Capitalism, an individual rises according to ability.
■ The goal of Socialism is to abolish the class
divisions.
Elements of Socialism

■Community ■Need
■Fraternity ■Social Class
■Social Equality ■Common
Ownership
Types of Socialism

■Ethical Socialism ■Reformist Socialism

■Scientific Socialism ■Fundamentalist
■Revolutionary Socialism
Socialism ■Revisionist
Socialism
John Stuart Mill

■ An English philosopher, economist, and

politician. Mill is just like John Locke, held
the position that government can control
individual behavior only when such
behavior threatens to physically harm
other members of society.
Anarchism

■ Society without government, laws, police or other

authority. System of self-control.
■ A kind of Government wherein there is NO LAW and
ORDER.
William Goodwin and the Stateless
Society
■ The founder of philosophical anarchism.
■ He believes that the government
promotes ignorance and dependence and
is a corrupting force in society which the
prolification of knowledge and human
understanding.
Communism

■ Extreme left-wing ideology based on the

revolutionary socialist teachings of Marx.
Collective ownership and a planned economy.
Each should work to their capability and
receive according to their needs.
Communism as Political Principle

■ Communism advocates the organization of communes and common ownership