Review

Creating your user story

Step 1: Identify the Demographics
Step 2: Identify the Health Issues and Diseases
Step 3: Identify the current measures we are doing to
prevent/cure it
Step 4: Identify the flaws of the current measures
Step 5: Derive the user story out of the first four steps
Creating your user story
Step 5: Derive the user story out of the first four steps
A/an (age or age range) (sex) with (experience) on a
(environment) in (location) suffered (disease/health issue),
which has a record of (infection/fatality), has/will
undergone/undergo a (diagnosis/cure/therapy) for (duration).
However, the current measures for this
(diagnosis/cure/therapy) have problems, such as (step 4).
Creating your user story
Creating your Solution
Step 1: Attack the flaw
Step 2: Know what your solution will be
Step 3: Determine where and when are you using your
solution
Step 4: Determine what components you need
Step 5: Determine what goal will the solution accomplish
(Optional) Step 6: Determine how to prove your solution
works
Creating your Solution
Talking to Doctors about Biomedical
Engineering
Tip # 1: Show and tell your user story
Tip # 2: Show and tell your solution
Tip # 3: Don’t tell doctors that this is a tool to replace current
measures, but rather, tell them that this aids and enhances
their current measures.
Tip # 4: Tell how your solution can have an advantage when in
comes to their work
Talking to Doctors about Biomedical
Engineering
Tip # 5: It would be better if you can give an option for them
to give it a test at their own standards
Tip # 6: If you gave a finished product, make all of your
components as simple to use as possible. They are doctors,
not engineers.
Tip # 7: If you done with the testing, show your testing results
in terms and data they understand.
Biomedical Testing
• Simple Test
• Human-Computer Interaction Test
• Clinical Tests
• Invasive vs Non-invasive
• Drugs vs Non-drugs
• Drugs: Clinical phases
• Non-drugs: Preclinical and Clinical
Placebo and Nocebo Effect
• Placebo Effect
• Nocebo Effect
Test Statistics
• True Positive
• True Negative
• False Positive
• False Negative
Test Statistics
• Sensitivity
𝑇𝑃
𝑆𝐸𝑁 =
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁
Test Statistics
• Specificity
𝑇𝑁
𝑆𝑃𝐸 =
𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃
Test Statistics
• Predictive Value Positive
𝑇𝑃
𝑃𝑉𝑃 =
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑃
Test Statistics
• Predictive Value Negative
𝑇𝑁
𝑃𝑉𝑁 =
𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑁
Test Statistics
Example 1:
100 test subjects are tried with your biomedical device for
anemia, where 23 actually have anemia. The device detected
20 with anemia, but out of the 20, 4 do not have anemia.

Find out the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value positive,

and predictive value negative of this device.
Test Statistics
Example 1:

True Positive = 20 (detected) – 4 (not have anemia) = 16

True Negative = 100 (total) – 23 (actual anemia) = 77
False Positive = 4 (not have anemia but detected)
False Negative = 23 (actual anemia) – 20 (detected) = 3
 Test Statistics
Example 1:
𝑇𝑃 16
𝑆𝐸𝑁 = = = 0.8421 = 84.21%
𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑁 16+3
𝑇𝑁 77
𝑆𝑃𝐸 = = = 0.9506 = 95.06%
𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃 77 + 4
𝑇𝑃 16
𝑃𝑉𝑃 = = = 0.8 = 80%
𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑃 16+4
𝑇𝑁 77
𝑃𝑉𝑁 = = = 0.9625 = 96.25%
𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑁 77 + 3
Test Statistics
Example 2:
63 test subjects are tried with your biomedical device for
pneumonia, where 49 do not have pneumonia. The device
detected 11 with pneumonia, but out of the 11, 2 do not have
pneumonia.

Find out the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value positive,

and predictive value negative of this device.
Test Statistics
Example 2:

True Positive = 11 (detected) – 2 (do not have) = 9

True Negative = 49 (do not have pneumonia)
False Positive = 2 (do not have but detected)
False Negative = 63 (total) – 49 (do not have) – 11 (detected) = 3
 Test Statistics
Example 2:
𝑇𝑃 9
𝑆𝐸𝑁 = = = 0.75 = 75%
𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑁 9+3
𝑇𝑁 49
𝑆𝑃𝐸 = = = 0.9608 = 96.08%
𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃 49 + 2
𝑇𝑃 9
𝑃𝑉𝑃 = = = 0.8182 = 81.82%
𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑃 9+2
𝑇𝑁 49
𝑃𝑉𝑁 = = = 0.9423 = 94.23%
𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑁 49 + 3
Biomedical Ethics
• Respect for autonomy
• Nonmaleficence
• Beneficence
• Justice
Biomedical Devices
• Blood Pressure and Blood Pressure Monitor
• Systolic
• Diastolic
Biomedical Devices
• Pulse Rate
• Resting Pulse Rate
• Maximum Pulse Rate (220 – age)
• Target Pulse Rate
• 50%: (220 – age)*0.5
• 85%: (220 – age)*0.85
Biomedical Devices
• Weighing Scale and Body-Mass Index (BMI)
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐵𝑀𝐼 =
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2
Biomedical Devices
• Digital Stethoscope
• Bell
• Diaphragm