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Verlyn Klass GPL Load Flow
Verlyn Klass GPL Load Flow
Verlyn Klass
Senior Lecturer & Head
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Guyana
October 2006
What is a Load Flow Study
A load flow study is done on a power system
to ensure that
Generation supplies the demand (load) plus
losses.
Bus voltage magnitudes remain close to rated
values
Generation operates within specified real and
reactive power limits
Transmission lines and transformers are not
overloaded.
A Load Flow Study Specifically
Investigates the Following
Busbar voltages
Effect of rearranging circuits and
incorporating new circuits on system loading.
Effect of injecting in-phase and quadrature
boost voltages on system loading.
Optimum system running conditions and load
distribution.
Optimum system losses.
Optimum rating and tap range of
transformers.
The Load Flow Problem
The starting point of a load flow
problem is a single line diagram of the
power system, from which input data
for computer solutions can be obtained.
Input data consist of bus data,
transmission line data and transformer
data.
The Load Flow Problem
The following four variables are
associated with each bus k - voltage
magnitude Vk, phase angle dk, net real
power Pk and reactive power Qk
supplied to the bus.
The Load Flow Problem
Each bus k is categorized into one of the following bus types:
1 Pk jQk k 1 N
Vk i 1 * YknVn i 1 YknVn i
Ykk Vk i n 1 n k 1
GPL’S POWER SYSTEM
GPL’S power system, with an installed
capacity of 105 MW, consists of the following:
Demerara Interconnected System
Berbice Interconnected System
Anna Regina System
Bartica System
Wakenaam System
Leguan System
THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY
WERE AS FOLLOWS:
Installed Capacity – 76 MW
Peak Load - 67 MW
Three power stations, two at Garden of
Eden and one at Versailles, generating at
13.8 kV, 60Hz
Two power stations at Kingston generating
at 11 kV, 50 Hz
Demerara Interconnected System Data
k 2,3,......N
Single Line Diagram of the
Demerara Interconnected System
KINGSTON
B
3X12.5MVA
11 KV SOPHIA
11KV
6.25 MVA 11 KV
11 KV/4KV
SOPHIA 12.5MVA 12.5MVA 11(50Hz)/
11 KV 13.8(60Hz)
13.8KV KV
69KV
69 KV
DEMERARA
POWER
KINGSTON
69 KV
2X6.87 MVA
13.8 KV DEMERARA
POWER
GOE
13.8 KV
2X6.87 MVA
GOE
GUYANA POWER & LIGHT
REVISIONS
DEMERARA INTERCONNECTED 2X6.6257 MVA
NO. DATE DESCRIPTION
SYSTEM AS OF 2006 -
DEMERARA INTER-CONNECTED
SYSTEM SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM VERSAILES
DATE ORIGINAL SCALE
2X2.5 MVA
NOT TO SCALE
60.0
40.0
LO AD 60 Hz System
(MW)
30.0
50 Hz System
20.0
10.0
0.0
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00
TIME (HRS)
Analysis of Data
50 Hz system hourly power factors
range from 0.79 to 0.89 and the 60 Hz
system power factors are from 0.81 to
0.85.
The frequency converters produce
between 20 to 30 % of the MVar
requirement of the Demerara system.
Analysis of Data
Comparison of power analyzer data and
station logs revealed that the Sophia
panel meters were overstating the
Sophia 13.8 kV voltages.
Sophia Panel Meter and Power Analyser Voltage Readings
14.4
14.2
14.0
13.8
Voltage (kV)
13.6
Panel Meter
Analyser Readings
13.4
13.2
13.0
12.8
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00
Tim e (Hrs)
Analysis of Data
The Demerara Power generators are
used as the base load generators for
the system, with GPL’s Garden of Eden
and Versailles stations being used to
maintain bus voltages levels and for
peaking purposes.
Generation (MW)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
Tim e (hrs)
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
Demerara System Generation by Power Station
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00
DPLGOE
GPLGOE
DPLK'STON
VERSAILLES
Load Flow Studies
The 60 Hz machine of the frequency
converters were modeled as generators
and when they operated as motors the
generators were deemed to be
supplying negative power.
Load Flow Studies
The various busbars were designated as follows:
Garden of Eden 13.8 kV busbar - Slack Bus
Demerara Power GOE busbars - PV Bus
Sophia Station 13.8 kV busbar - PV bus
Versailles Power Station busbar - PV bus
Load Flow Studies
Transformer taps were set as per
system
55.0
GPL Generation
50.0
45.0
Generation
40.0
(MW)
35.0
30.0
25.0
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00
TIME (HRS)
Analysis of Results
The LFR consistently generated around
3 MVars at DPGOE. GPL operations
show MVAR generation between 8 and
13 MVars at this location.
Analysis of Results
The LFR generation of MVars at Sophia
was consistently higher than that of
GPL operations. This was as high as 15
MVar at peak load whereas GPL
operations generate just around 10
MVars at the same period
Analysis of Results
MVar generation at GPLGOE and
Versailles were quite similar for both
GPL operations and the LFR
Comparison Between GPL and Load Flow Generation (MVAR)
35.0
GPL GENERATION
30.0
25.0
MVAR
20.0
LOAD FLOW GENERATION SYSTEM LOAD
15.0
10.0
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00
TIME (HRS)
Analysis of Results
Changing of transformer taps
The present tap positions of the GPL
transformers proved to be the optimum
positions to maintain bus voltages and
minimise losses.
Analysis of Results
Static Representation of the
Frequency Converters
The results achieved from the load flow
run for system peak suggest that this
model could be acceptable if separate
representation is made for the mechanical
losses of the frequency converters.
Analysis of Results
Total Demerara Load at 60 Hz
The frequency converters would not be
required so capacitors would be needed at
all locations to provide the MVar injection
presently done by the frequency converters
Switched capacitors would have to be used
as different values would be required for
the day and night peaks
Conclusions
The usefulness of load flow studies in the
investigation of the following were
demonstrated
Optimum system running conditions and load
distribution.
Optimum system losses.
Optimum tap range of transformers.
Effect of incorporating new circuits on system
loading.
Conclusions
The data collection and analysis highlighted
problems with GPL’s system operations which
were confirmed by the load flow study.
The difference in GPL’s calculated loads and
generation show a high level of losses in
GPL’s generation and transmission system
which require further investigation.
The Sophia 13.8 kV bus voltages are lower
than the other bus voltages and need to be
increased for proper system operation.
Conclusions
The static representation of the
frequency converters by a transformer
and a variable capacitor is an adequate
model for load flow studies. Converter
mechanical losses can be added
subsequently to the total system losses.
Conclusions
The availability of load flow studies
would be helpful to small utilities as
they seek to integrate their power
system with different types of
generation