LESSON 5: LITERATURE

Group 3
• Lyka Pamposa
• Beverly Mabelin
• Mary Grace Moya
• Jevan Carlo Panogot
• Mark Eusebio Pari-an
• Kevin Pascua
• Leonardo Nebreja Jr.
TYPES AND ELEMENTS
OF
LITERATURE
 IMAGERY

• This consist of description and details that

can trigger the reader senses ( sight, hearing,
smell and etc. )
Example of Imagery
• Sight – for a brief second, a spike of lightning illuminated the dark purple
clouds.
• Hearing – a faint buzz of a voices came from behind the close door.
• Touch – the wool jacket felt prickly against her fingers.
• Taste – a sweet yet tart taste of the apple juice flooded his mouth.
• Smell – the sharp aroma of pine needles filled the air.
SOUND AND RHYTHM

• These elements make use of the spoken nature

of poetry. Sound can refer to the emphasis on
certain words or rhymes. Rhythm is just a
position of beats or the sound of pattern of the
work.
MEANING

• A writer can use the following in

order to express his or her feeling or
ideas: technical term, idiom, new words,
dialect, allusion, and connotations.
Example of Sound and Rhythm

Humpty dumpty sat on the wall

Humpty dumpty had a great fall
And of all the kings horses and all the kings men
couldn’t put humpty dumpty together again.
FIGURATIVE SPEECH

• This mainly consist of simile, metaphor, and other

figure of speech that can be used in order to
express something in a different way aside from
its literal meaning.
Example of Figurative Speech

• Alliteration
• Assonance
• Hyperbole
• Idiom
• Metaphor
• Onomatopoeia
• Personification
• Simile
THEME OR CONTENT
• This pertain to the general thought or idea of a
whole composition. In addition the motive and
goal of the writer is reflected on the theme.
Example of Content or Theme

• Appreciation
• Free Will
• Persevere
• Acceptance
STYLE
• Writing style refers to the choices of words and
sentence structures use to convey the message
and hold the attention of the reader.
Example of Style

• He’s passed away

• He’s sleeping with the fishes
• He died
• He’s gone to meet his Maker
FORM AND STRUCTURE
• The sequence of a topic and transition that make
up the whole essay reflects on the form.
• Or it may describe something from the
imagination of the artist, such as a short story or
a novel.
Example of Form and Structure

• Script
• Sonnets
• Novels
PLOT OR STORY LINE
• The plot is a sequence of events that build up the
whole story. This give the flow of narration.
Example of Plot

• Exposition
• Rising Action
• Climax
• Falling Action
• Denoument
CHARACTERS
• A character can be a person or an animal or
even things who takes part in the narrative 0f the
story.
Example

• Antagonist – is a bad guy or an opponent of the protagonist or main character.

• Protagonist – the main character
• Minor Character – these are the other character in the story they are not important as
the major character.
• Major Character – these are the most important character in the story.
• Static Character – who do not change through out the story.
• Foil Character – that has opposite character traits from another.
SETTING

• The setting is the time and place in which the

story happened.
Example of Setting

• Time
• Place
THEME

• This the central thought or idea of the story.

Example of Theme

• Love
• Friendship
• Death
• Romance
• Courage
LANGUAGE AND STYLE
• The style pertains to the choices of words and
the writers uses. This include the sentence
structure and figurative language that affect the
mod or tone of the story.
Example of Language Style
POINT OF VIEW
• This may be presented using the third person point of
view, which means the narrator may present the author
himself or herself. The exposition may also be
presented using the first person point of view, meaning
the narrator is one of the character in the story.
 TRADITION AND
FORMS
OF
PHILIPPINE POETRY
Ethnic tradition
• This consist of ancient song, epic, narrative,
maxims, and proverbs prayers and invocation,
and riddles.
EPIC
• The epic narrative relates adventures of a hero
with supernatural powers. The epic narrative is
usually chanted or sung before an audience
during social gathering. The epic also serves as a
code of value of a particular ethnic group.
FOLK SONG
• This refer to a song that is transmitted orally from one
generation to another . It usually has a melody and it
express ideas, emotion, and thoughts of the community. It
is known as Awiting Bayan in Tagalog, AmBayan/ Awit Biyao
in Cebuano, Badio in Ibaloy, Susunan in Manobo and also in
Bukidnon, Leleng in Samal, and Balikata in Tiruray.
PROVERBS
• This are consist statements that teach ideas on morality
and tradition. A proverbs is usually express as a rhyming
pair of lines that depict two different elements. The
meaning of each element is not readily understood the
whole point of the proverb can be easily understood if
this two element are join together
RIDDLES
• A riddle describe an object in entirely different
manner or in a way that is not easily understood.
It may also be a question intended for someone
to discover its meaning or to answer it.
SHORT POEMS
• A short poem usually has four lines with five to twelve syllables per line
example of short poetry are children rhymes the tagalog and dalit,
mangyan ambayan, ivatan laji tha bukidnon idangdang and extended
basahanan the palawan karang and the tausog pintasan. The bulong of the
tagalogs the tara in panay island and the harito in cebu are prayers in
voking animals with supernatural powers or environmental spirits
SPANISH COLONIAL TRADITION
Metrical Romance
The Metrical is more popular known as biag or
panagbiag in Ilocano, impanbilay in Pangasinan,
kuriru in Pampango, and corrido in Cebuano,
Ilonggo, and Bicol, and Awit or korido in Tagalog.
PASYON

• The pasyon, written in a stanza with five lines with eight

syllables per line, recounts the life of Jesus Christ. There are
two types of pasyon, the traditional pabasa, and the political
pasyon. The latter is use to arouse the people to stand for
justice. The pasyon is also useful as a resource of images, stories,
and form.
 FORMS
OF
CONTEMPORARY PROSE
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Folk narrative
• The folk narrative may be any story based on real or
fictional events in the past told among the people in a
cultural group or community.Their are three types of
the folk narrative :myth,legend,and folk tales.
MYTH
• This refers to a story that explains the origin of
the world and its first inhabitants. Typically
associated with theology and ritual. The myth
features supernatural beings sprits ,and human
beings as characters .
LEGEND
• The legend may be classified in to the following according to subject matter:
 Heroic and historical- which tackle episodes in the lives of great men and
women.
 Religious- which narrates display of miracles of god and of the saints
 Supernatural- which focuses on the existence of being from the under world.
 Toponymic-Which explain why a contain place has this name.
 Other legends
FOLKTALES
• These are classify into animal tales or fables ,
magic tales, humorous tales, novelistic tales
,religious and didactic tales.
ESSAY
• The essay explains insights and/or information using description, narration ,and
humor. It has two types:
Formal essay -it discusses crucial topics based on research in a serious manner .
The conclusion of this type of essay exhibit how the writer analyzed and
summarized data.
Informal essay- the informal essay is a narrative the in enables the fritters to
express his or her experiences, insights, and observation in a creative manner.
Novel- the novel may be define as a lengthy and complex narrative of events based
on the authors imagination. The following ar four traditions of the Philippines
novel:
DEDACTIC

• Novels in this tradition where written to guide the people in

the roman catholic faith. A typical plot in this tradition includes
acts of god such as accidents, calamities ,consciences to implied
that the good will had their reward and evil will be punished.
ROMANTIC TRADITIONS

• Novels in this tradition patterns their stories from

metrical romances love, magic ,and religious didacticism
are evident among novels in this tradition.
REALIST TRADITION

• The focus of novels in this tradition is describing

experiences of a person or people as social structures and
forces affect them. however, the plot of does not usually
point the reader to the root caust of social issue. The plot
usually ends when the individual gets overwhelmed with
the effect of social forces on him or her.
RADICAL TRADITION

• A novel in this tradition promotes changes in the social and

political system. Unlike the novel in the realist tradition, this
novel points the reader to the root cause of injustice. In
addition to this, it also specifies how to change the society. The
plot usually ends with the oppressed characters, particularly
peasants and workers, being victorious,
SHORT STORY

• The short story is as defined as a concise secular narrative. It

has three traditions, which are romantic tradition, realistic
tradition, and radical tradition. Short stories in the romantic
and realistic traditions have similar characteristics with novels
in the romantic and realist traditions respectively. However,
short stories in these two traditions did not become popular
during the contemporary period.
Continued . . .

• Just like the novel in the radical tradition, a short story in the radical tradition focuses on
highlighting social and political issues, and how these issues transform the main character
. Short stories in tradition became popular during the Martial Law era as a form of
protest, even though these were expressed in the underground movement. Short stories
tackling these issues were still written even after the Marcus era. Writers during this time
began tackling other issues such as Filipino immigration, and the war in the province
KOMIKS

• Komiks is a special form of contemporary literature. The involves drawing frames

showing a set of characters with their actions read from left and right. The komiks also
contain balloons which enclose words from dialogue of the characters. Action can be
visualized in the komiks through illustrating lines and other images that have designated
meanings. A reader can easily differentiate characters based on the designs of the
characters emblems or based o calligraphy. During early 1970s, komiks focused on stories
on corruption, sexual passion, and other forms of perversion, and poverty. Language used
during that time was highly vulgar. During the mid-1970s , images reflected gore, thrill, and
fantasy. Later, during the 1980s, stories of love were written in komiks.
 LESSON 6:

MUSIC
• Music is considered to be tangible of the arts. It is defined as an
arrangement of sounds to create a continuous and unified
compositions.
• Understanding the elements of music and the different musical
traditions in the Philippines will help in appreciating the
contemporary phlippine music is varied from one region to
another. Although popular music can easily be heard in areas
that can be reached by radio, television,and the internet.
Elements of Music
Melody
This refers to a succession of consecutive notes
or tones changing in pitch and duration. It is also
considered the overall theme of music. Melody is
inseparable from rhythm.
Rhythm
This has something to do with the patterns in time.
It has three qualities: Tempo, Meter, and rhythmic
pattern. Tempo describe how fast or slow the music is.
On the other hand, meter refers to the unit of time
that is made up of a group of accented or unaccented
beats or pulses.
Harmony
This may refer to a combination of different tones of
pitches played on sung together. These notes played or
sung together at the same time is called a chord.
Harmony may also involve playing chord successively.
Texture
This elements refers to the relationship of melodic
and harmonic lines in music. Music is considered to
have thicker texture if it has more melodic lines.
Dynamics
This refers to the degree of softness and
loudness of music. This may include the way of
changing from soft to loud or vice versa.
Timbre
Also known as tone color, this refer to the quality of
sound generated by an instruments or by a voice.
Form
This elements refers to have the other elements of
music are organized. Music can be described if there are
repeating sections or melodies, if there is contrast among
musical instruments and rhythm, or if there is variation of
the musical composition.
 Forms and types of Philippine Music
There are three kinds of music in the Philippines. These are
ethnic traditional music, European –influenced religious and
secular music although these American-inspired popular, classical
and semi-classical music
Ethnic Traditional Music
Philippine music in ethnic tradition is described to be
that music as similar elements with music from our South
East Asian neighbors. This kind of music can still be heard in
Northern Luzon , Mindanao, Palawan and Sulu, were about
10% of the Filipino population had avoided Spanish
influenced.
Ballad
A ballad refers to a song that explains an event occurring
in a community. Some of these ballad include the idangdang
from Bukidnon and the liyangkit parang sabil of the Tausug.
Some ballads where influenced by the Spaniards, such as the
composo and Pampangas in “ Ing Bangkeru”. Nowadays, the
term “ballad” is loosely describe as a popular romantic song
in the urban areas.
Chant
This refers to a song with an
unaccompanied melody and variable rhythm.
These is usually found in epic song.
Song Debate
The song debate is the song involving male and
female who try to outsmart each other about in a
certain topic. Themes usually include love, courtship
and marriage.
EUROPEAN- INFLUENCED
RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR
MUSIC
Art Song

an art song is a composition characterized by

merging the voice part, lyrics, and the
accompaniment together “ to achieve an artistic
musical whole”. Singing an art song requires skill,
especially when performed during a concert or
recital.
Habanera/ Danza

This refers to a social dance in the duple

time. Originally from Cuba this is usually
perform on a stage or in ballroom.
Liturgical Music

This refer to a vocal and instrumental

composition that go together with the official rites
of Christian churches. This begun as early as the
Spanish colonial period and the rise of Roman
Catholicism
Kumintang

Originally documented as a war song, the

kumintang is a dance of love accompanied
by a guitar and bajo de uñas ( string bass ).
Its quasi- recitative melody is played by
these instruments is in ¾ time
Pasyon Chant
The pasyon chant refers to the various styles
used throughout the country for the singing of
the pasyon. It is typically performed in two
group formations: the first involving two persons
or group singing alternately, and the second
involving each person taking his or her turn in
singing
American-inspired Music
This tradition can be further
classified into three: classical music,
semi-classical music, and popular
music. It is important to note that
these three categories are not
mutually exclusive with one another.
 Classical Music

This category of American influence

music includes classical music from the
Western World, and classical and
modern music composed by Filipinos.
These include the following
• Chamber Music

this refers to instrumental music played

by a small ensemble. Each part of the music
played by one performer. This make
chamber music different from orchestra
music because the latter involves several
instrumentalist playing one part.
• Choral Music

this involve music written for a group of singers.

Choral composition can be monodic, meaning
to be sung together or in unison without
accompaniment ; homophonic, which consist of
one melodic line that is accompanied by chords
or instrumental accompaniment; or polyphonic,
which entails two or more distinct and equally
significant melodic lines at the same time
• Opera

the opera is essentially drama that is sung and

accompanied by instruments. It has a set
structure, consisting of an overture, songs for a
variety of numbers of singer, other vocal
combinations, and interludes
Solo Instrumental Literature

This type of music highlights a

solo instruments. This solo
instrument may also be
accompanied by another
instrument or by a number
instruments.
• Concerto

the concerto refers to a piece for a

solo instruments or a group of solo
instruments and an orchestra
ensemble. Although the concerto is
derive the four movements sonata
form.
Sonata

the sonata is work for solo instruments

with four movements. The typical sequence of
movements is allegro-andante-minuet ( or
scherzo allegro ).
Symphonic Literature

this refer to lengthy orchestral composition.

A composition for an orchestra may contain
several movements or may contain one
movements with many sections. Works that fall
under symphonic literature include the following:
Symphony

the symphony is considered as a

sonata written to be played by an
orchestra. Just like a typical sonata the
symphony has 3 or 4 different
movements. Composing symphonies
started as early as the American period.
Suite

a symphonic suite on the other hand refers to a well

arrange set of individual movement which are unified because
of using either a common form or key or an non-musical
elements.
Concert overture
a concert overture is a
composition that is typically
written in a sonata allegro from.
This has one movement with
many section.
Symphonic Poem

the symphonic poem is also called the tone

poem base on a non-musical poetic or realistic
idea. Themes for symbolic poem include biblical
themes and personalities, historical event, literary
works, and local scenery.
Semi-classical Music

musical forms under this category

include band and rondalla music, hymns
and marches, sarswela music and stylized
folk song.
Band Music

this refer to the created for the band, which

is a group of brass, percussion, and woodwind
instruments. Example of a band are brass band,
symphonic band, military band, and jazz band. A
band may also refer to group of instruments such
as an accordion band or bamboo band.
Marcha/ March

this refer to a composition with music played

in regular phrases and a strongly accented rhythm,
usually in 4 /4 time signature. The march is played
in some dances or with marching groups.
Popular Music

this category includes the original music

composed by Filipinos, which utilizes Western and
local musical influences. During the 1970’s,
emergence of original Pilipino music ( OPM ) first
began with translation foreign lyrics into the
vernacular. These are several forms of Pinoy pop,
which include the following:
• Pinoy rock, which involves the use of drums, electric guitars,
synthesizers, and other electronic instruments;
• Safe Pinoy pop or “ middle of the road “ type of music, as shown in
the composition of Apo Hiking Society and Jose Mari Chan;
• Pinoy folk, which is inspired by simple and repetitive tunes made
popular by Western folk singers ( Pinoy folk music later involved
the use of Asian or ethnic musical traditions and instruments);
• Pinoy disco music, which is essentially a Filipino adaptation of
Western disco music;
• Rap, which is described as a musical form involving a last-paced
rhythmic narration accompanied by electronic musical instruments.
It is usually performed with dancing. Francis Magalona introduced
Pinoy rap.