INTEGRATION:

ALGEBRAIC
SUBSTITUTION
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION: WHEN TO APPLY
  ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION CAN BE APPLIED TO MOST OF THE
INTEGRALS.
IF AN INTEGRAL IS IN THE FORM:

Where is a rational number.

G(x) and f(x) are any type of function interrelated to one another.

THEN LET u =
 ONE THING COMMON TO EVERY INTEGRALS
EXAMPLES LISTED IS THEY ARE ROOT FUNCTION.
ROOT FUNCTIONS ARE HIGHLIGHTED.
  ( 12 𝑥 +1 )
1.∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ 4 𝑥 −1
  2 2 2  
 
2.∫
𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑧 √ 𝑎 +𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ∫ (5𝑧−1) √ 𝑧+2𝑑𝑧
1+ √ 𝑥
    𝑑𝑦
  3.
∫ cos √𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∫ √ 𝑦+4 −2

 ∫ 𝑥2    
4. 2
2 3
(𝑥 ¿ ¿ 2+𝑎 ) 𝑑𝑥
¿
∫ ln ( √ 𝑦+3) 𝑑𝑦 ∫ cos 𝑥 ¿¿¿¿
2
  2𝑥 𝑥   𝑥  
5.∫ 𝑒 √ 1−𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ∫ √ 𝑒 −9 𝑑𝑥 2 2 3
(𝑥 − 𝑎 )
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 BASICALLY, INTEGRALS CONTAINING N-ROOT FUNCTION CAN BE
SOLVED USING ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TO BE ABLE TO SIMPLIFY
TO PROCESS.

*N-ROOT FUNCTION: SQUARE-ROOT (1/2), CUBE-ROOT

(1/3), (F(x))^(2/3), etc; function that is raised to a
rational exponent.
PRELIMINARY TOPICS
ALGEBRA:
 POLYNOMIAL DIVISION
 7 LAWS OF EXPONENTS
 ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION e.g. ‘SOLVE FOR X’
 POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION AND FACTORING

CALCULUS:
 ELEMENTARY INTEGRATION FORMULAE
 FIRST DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
 CHAIN-RULE
 ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION: STEP-BY-
STEP
 

CHOOSING u IS CRITICAL IN THIS ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION. HERE ARE THE

STEPS IN CHOOSING u-SUBSTITUTION:

1. LET u = [ (Include the exponents)

2. ISOLATE x into a form of “x = x(u)“
3. TAKE dx = u’ du
4. SUBSTITUTE ‘x and dx’ TO THE EQUATION.
5. SOLVE THE SIMPLIFIED INTEGRAL.
6. SUBSTITUTE BACK THE EQUATION FROM u-variable to x-variable.
  STEP 1: LET u = [ (Include the exponents)

  𝑧
 
1.∫
( 12 𝑥 +1 )
√ 4 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥  u = ∫ √ 𝑒 −9𝑑𝑧  U =

  𝑑𝑥
 
2.∫ cos √𝑡 𝑑𝑡  u = ∫ 1+ √ 𝑥  u =

 
 
3.∫ √1+√ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡  u = ∫ ln ( √ 𝑦+3) 𝑑𝑦  U =

  1     
3 2 23
4.∫ 𝑣 (𝑎 −𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑣 ∫sin(√ 𝑥+4)𝑑𝑥  U =

2𝑥 𝑥  
 
5.∫ 𝑒 √ 1−𝑒 𝑑𝑥  U =
∫ (5𝑧−1) √ 𝑧+2𝑑𝑧  U =

*HIGHLIGHTED u-subs WILL BE

DISCUSSED IN THE NEXT SLIDES.
CHOOSING U: SPECIAL CASES
IN CHOOSING U, INCLUDE ALSO THE CONSTANT EVEN
THOUGH IT IS NOT UNDER THE SQUARE-ROOT; DOING SO
THE INTEGRAL WILL BE SIMPLIFIED FURTHER.
  𝑑𝑥    
∫ 1+ √ 𝑥 ∫cos(√ 𝑥+4)𝑑𝑥 ∫ ln ( √ 𝑦+3) 𝑑𝑦
 
Let  
Let  
Let
Instead of Instead of
 Instead of
 STEP 2 AND STEP 3
1
   
 u =  u = 𝑢= √1+ √𝑡 𝑢=(𝑎 − 𝑣 )
3 2 2
2 2 3  U =

𝑢 2
𝑢 2 𝑢
  =𝑎 − 𝑣 𝑢 2
  =1 − 𝑒
𝑥
    =𝑡   =1+ √ 𝑡
2 2 3 2 𝑥
𝑣
  =𝑎 0− 𝑢 1−
  𝑢 =𝑒
𝑢 2
  +1= 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
  =2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 2
  − 1= √ 𝑡 𝑥
2   2   2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢=𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ∗
−
 𝑥= 𝑢 +1 02 =𝑡 ¿
  ¿ ¿ 2 −1)
(𝑢
4 2
4
  𝑢 ( 𝑢 − 1 ) =𝑑𝑡
𝑢
 
𝑑𝑥= 𝑑𝑢
2

  𝑧
𝑢= √ 𝑒 −9 𝑢=
  1+ √ 𝑥   +3 𝑢=
  √ 𝑥 +4 𝑢=
  √ 𝑧 +2
2
𝑢 2 𝑧
  =𝑒 − 9 𝑢
  = 𝑧 +2
𝑢  −1= √ 𝑥 𝑢
  −3=√ 𝑦 𝑢  −4= √ 𝑥 2
𝑢2 𝑧
  =𝑒 − 9 2
𝑢
  − 2= 𝑧
2 𝑧  
(𝑢 − 1) =𝑥   ¿ 2
  − 4) = 𝑥
(𝑢 2  𝑢 𝑑𝑢=𝑑𝑧
𝑢
  +9=𝑒
2 2
  ( 𝑢− 1 ) 𝑑𝑢= 𝑑𝑥 2(𝑢
  −3)= 𝑑𝑦 2
  ( 𝑢− 4 ) 𝑑𝑢= 𝑑𝑥
ln
  ⁡(𝑢 + 9)= z

 2𝑢
2
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑧
𝑢 +9
 STEP 4: SUBSTITUTION
  𝑢2 +1
12( )
+1    
( 12 𝑥 +1 )
∫ √ 4 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥=∫
4
𝑢
𝑢
( 𝑑𝑢)
2 ∫ cos √𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ¿∫ cos𝑢(2𝑢𝑑𝑢)
(3 𝑢2+ 4)  
 u =
 
¿∫
2
𝑑𝑢  u = ¿2∫ 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢
2
2
 𝑥= 𝑢 +1 𝑢
  =𝑡
4 𝑑𝑡
  =2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

  𝑢
𝑑𝑥= 𝑑𝑢
2
 1 1
    2  
∫ √ 1+√ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 ¿∫ 𝑢[4𝑢4 (𝑢2 −1) 𝑑𝑢] 3 2 23 2 23
∫ 𝑣 (𝑎 −𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑣=∫(𝑣¿¿2)(𝑎 −𝑣 ) (𝑣𝑑𝑣)¿
  −3 2
¿4 ∫ 𝑢 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢   2 3
¿∫ ( 𝑎 −𝑢 ) (𝑢)( 𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
2
1
      3
𝑢= √1+ √𝑡 𝑢=(𝑎 − 𝑣 )
2 2 3 2 3
¿ − ∫ 𝑎 𝑢 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
5

2 2 3
2 𝑣  =𝑎 − 𝑢
  ¿ ¿2 −1) =𝑡 ¿
(𝑢
3 2
4
2 𝑣  𝑑𝑣 =− 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
  𝑢 ( 𝑢 − 1 ) 𝑑𝑢=𝑑𝑡 2

  2𝑥 𝑥   2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒 √ 1−𝑒 𝑑 𝑥=∫ (𝑒¿¿𝑥)¿¿¿
  2
𝑧
∫ √ 𝑒 − 9 𝑑𝑧=∫ 𝑢 𝑢2 +9 =∫ 𝑢2+ 9 ( )
¿∫ ( 1−𝑢 ) (𝑢)(−2𝑢𝑑𝑢)
  2 4
 U = ¿−2∫ 𝑢 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢  
𝑢= √ 𝑒 −9
2
𝑧

1− 2 𝑥 ln
  ⁡(𝑢 + 9)= z
  𝑢 =𝑒
 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑥
−
  2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢=𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
2
𝑢 +9
 SPECIAL CASE:
 CONSIDER THE TWO INTEGRALS:
  2𝑥 𝑥   𝑧
∫ 𝑒 √ 1−𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ∫ √𝑒 −9𝑑𝑧.
and

  𝑧
  2𝑥
∫ 𝑒 √ 1−𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ √ 𝑒 −9𝑑𝑧.
  𝑧
𝑢=
 
𝑥
√1 − 𝑒   𝑢= √ 𝑒 −9
2 𝑥 2 𝑧
 𝑢 =1 − 𝑒 𝑢
  =𝑒 − 9
2 𝑥 2 𝑧
 1 − 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
  +9=𝑒
𝑥
−2
  𝑢 𝑑𝑢=𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ln 2
  ⁡(𝑢 + 9)= z
 2𝑢
2
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑧
𝑢 +9

TWO INTEGRALS MIGHT SEEM TO BE SIMILAR TO ONE ANOTHER BUT THEY

HAVE DIFFERENT APPROACH. COMPARE THE TWO BASED ON THE GIVEN
INTEGRAL.
   2𝑥 𝑥   𝑧
∫ 𝑒 √ 1−𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ∫ √ 𝑒 −9𝑑𝑧.
THE LEFT HAS A “RESIDUE” OUTSIDE THE SQUARE-ROOT AS COMPARED TO THE RIGHT.

  𝑥 𝑥
∫𝑒 √1−𝑒 (𝑒¿¿𝑥𝑑𝑥)¿
THE INTEGRAL ON THE LEFT CAN BE WRITTEN AS:

2 𝑥
𝑢=
  √1 − 𝑒   𝑥
 1 − 𝑢 = 𝑒
−2
  𝑢 𝑑𝑢=𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  2 2 4
∫ (1−𝑢 ) ( 𝑢)(−2𝑢𝑑𝑢)= −2∫ 𝑢 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
THROUGH SUBSTITUTION FROM X-VAR TO U-VAR:

 
SINCE THE FUNCTION CANNOT BE “BROKEN DOWN” BY THE DIFFERENTIATION,
WE CAN USE IT AS AN ADVANTAGE TO AN INTEGRAL SIMILAR TO THE LEFT.
THROUGH THIS, WE COULD SIMPLIFY FURTHER THE INTEGRAL.
  𝑧
∫ √ 𝑒 −9𝑑𝑧.  THIS INTEGRAL HAS NO OUTSIDE THE SQUARE-ROOT SO WE WILL
TAKE ln to break down the BEFORE TAKING THE dx-
component.
  𝑧
𝑢= √ 𝑒 −9 𝑢 2
  +9=𝑒
2
𝑧
WE CANNOT USE THE APPROACH WE
ln
  ⁡(𝑢 + 9)= z
USED ON THE OTHER SINCE THIS
 2𝑢
2
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑧
𝑢 +9 INTEGRAL HAS NO RESIDUE OUTSIDE
THE SQUARE-ROOT.

TAKING THE INTEGRAL FROM Z-VARIABLE TO U-VARIABLE THROUGH SUBSTITUTION:

  2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑢2
𝑧
( )
∫ √ 𝑒 − 9 𝑑𝑧= (𝑢 ) 𝑢2 +9 =∫ 𝑢 2+ 9 𝑑𝑢
 𝑑𝑥 1  
 
∫ 1+ √ 𝑥 =∫ 𝑢 [ 2 ( 𝑢 −1 ) 𝑑𝑢 ] ∫ ln ( √ 𝑦 +3 ) 𝑑𝑦 =∫ ¿ ¿ ¿
 
 
¿ 2∫
𝑢 −1
𝑑𝑢   +3
¿2∫𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑢−3𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑢
𝑢=
  1+ √ 𝑥   ¿
2
  −1) = 𝑥
(𝑢 2
  ( 𝑢− 3 ) 𝑑𝑢=𝑑𝑦
2
  ( 𝑢− 1 ) 𝑑𝑢= 𝑑𝑥

 
∫ sin (√ 𝑥+4)𝑑𝑥=∫ ¿ ¿ ¿
 
  2
∫ (5𝑧−1) √ 𝑧+2𝑑𝑧=∫ [5 (𝑢 −2) −1] (𝑢) (2𝑢𝑑𝑢)
¿2∫ (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢)𝑑𝑢   4 2
¿2∫ 5𝑢 −11𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢=
  √ 𝑥 +4 𝑢=
  √ 𝑧 +2
2 2
  −4) =𝑥
(𝑢 𝑢
  − 2= 𝑧
2
  ( 𝑢− 4 ) 𝑑𝑢= 𝑑𝑥 2  𝑢 𝑑𝑢=𝑑𝑧