WATER

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 QUESTION
What are some
Mention the various
01 processes your body 02 ways that water is used!
needs water for?

What type of bond holds

03 the H2 to the O in
water? 04
 WATER
• Water is essential to ALL life on earth. Water covers 70 % of Earth’s
surface.
• It occurs in all spheres of the environment such as oceans, on land as
surface water in lakes and rivers, underground as groundwater, in
atmosphere as water vapor, in polar as icecaps and etc.
• Without water, life as we know it would not exist.
• Water is the most abundant compound in living things. Most organisms
are 60-80 % water.
• Water is used to transport materials (blood, sap), regulate temperature,
and to produce cell products like saliva, tears, sweat, stomach acids, etc.
 WATER
• Water can also be used to provide support and structure to
body parts (jellyfish) and for movement (hydraulic systems
such as those found in worms and starfish)
WATER
CHEMISTRY
 CHEMISTRY OF WATER
 Water is forms molecules by 2 hydrogen atoms that are
bonded to a single oxygen atom: H2O.
 Molecules are formed when elements are combined by
covalent bonds.
 The oxygen and hydrogen atoms are held together
because they “share” electrons
 Water molecule is polar
 WATER MOLECULE

Water molecules are held together by a hydrogen bond

COVALENT BOND
• Because the oxygen atom is much Dipolar
larger than the hydrogen atoms, it
tends to “share” the electrons a little
more than the hydrogen atoms do.
• The unequal sharing of the electrons
causes water to have a slight
electrical charge on each end.
• Therefore, the hydrogen end is
slightly positive and the oxygen end
is slightly negative
When water molecules
attract to one another,
the hydrogen end of
one molecule is
attracted to the oxygen
end of another.
The slight bonds that
form between the
negative end of one
water molecule and the
positive end of another
water molecule are
called hydrogen bonds
STATES OF WATER
 States of Water
Water is the only substance found on Earth in all three
states (phases):
1. Liquid
 States of Water
2. Solid (Ice)
 States of Water

3. Gas (Steam or Vapor)

Water molecules are constantly moving
Temperature increase = Increase in movement
Vapor
States of Water

When water molecules move faster, they tend to

break their hydrogen bonds.

This is called
Evaporation
States of Water

When gas or vapor molecules slow down, they

clump or join together.

This is called
Condensation
States of Water
• As water becomes cooler, it becomes less dense
• As water changes from a liquid to a solid, molecules form crystals.
• In ice crystals, molecules are spaced further apart.

Since molecules are spaced further apart, ice is less dense than water (it floats)
Thermal Properties of Water

• Water has a high specific heat, or heat capacity (the amount of

o
heat needed to raise 1 g of a substance 1 C .)
• This quality of water is important for several reasons:
Thermal Properties of Water
1. Regulates rate at which air temperature
changes.
July 9,2005

Affects global climate (milder temperatures in coastal regions)

Thermal Properties of Water

2. Water is used in cooling systems found in cars

and industrial plants
Surface Tension
• Next to mercury, water has the highest surface tension of all
liquids.
• This is a result of the tendency of water molecules to attract to
one another, or cohere, at the surface of any accumulation of
water.
• Surface tension allows insects to walk on water.
• Interaction between hydrogen bonding and the earth’s
gravitational pull
Surface Tension
Cohesion- the attraction between water molecules
to each other through Hydrogen bonds (H)
Surface Tension

Adhesion- the attraction of water molecules to

another substance.
 Surface Tension
Capillarity- the
movement of water
within the spaces of a
porous material due to
the forces of surface
tension, adhesion, and
cohesion.
Allows water to climb from
soil into plants
 pH: Alkalinity/Acidity

• The measurement of the H+ ions found in that particular

substance
• The scale goes from 0 to 14
• 7 is neutral
• Below 7 is acidic
• Above 7 is alkaline (or basic)
• One pH unit represents a ten-fold change in H+
concentration
The pH Scale
Water as a Solvent
Since water can dissolve more things than any other natural
substance, it is known as the “ Universal Solvent”.

Properties of Solvents include:

• Interacts with other polar compounds
• Is repelled by non-polar compounds
• Small size allows it to saturate areas
• Can convey other substances in solutions
• Water is especially good at dissolving salts. Salts form from the
combination of particles with opposite electrical charges (or ions)
+ -
EX. Na + Cl = NaCl
 Water as a Solvent

• When salt is placed in

water, the strongly
charged salt ions attract
to the weaker charged
water molecules.
• Water molecules surround
each ion.
• Salt crystals fall apart, or
dissociates, and the salt
dissolves.
 Salt Water and Salinity
Solids found in seawater come from 2 main sources:

1. Chemical/Mechanical weathering of rocks on land.

Carried to sea by rivers

2. Come from the Earth’s interior

Released into oceans by hydrothermal vents
Salt Water and Salinity

Chemical/Mechanical
weathering

Mississippi
Delta
Salt Water and Salinity

Hydrothermal Vents
Salt Water and Salinity
• Seawater contains most all elements found on Earth
• Most of the solutes are made of a small group of common ions
• Solute- the substance being dissolved by the solvent
Chloride (Cl-) 55.03% Six (6) ions
Sodium (Na+) 30.59% compose over
Sulfate (SO4-2) 7.68% 98% of solids in
Magnesium (Mg+2) 3.68% seawater.
Calcium (Ca+2) 1.18% Na+ and Cl- = 85%
Potassium (K+) 1.11% (This is why seawater
tastes salty)
Salt Water and Salinity

• Salinity- total amount of salt dissolved in seawater.

• Expressed as the number of grams of salt left when 1000g of

seawater evaporates

• EX. 35 grams left over = salinity of 35 parts per thousand

(35 ppt)
Salt Water and Salinity

• Salinity varies by the addition or deletion of pure water (not salts)

• Pure water is added by precipitation.

• Pure water is removed by evaporation or freezing.

 Salt Water and Salinity

Average salinity:

Ocean: 35 ppt
Red Sea: 40 ppt hot,dry climate;
evaporation>precipitation
Baltic Sea: 7 ppt excess river runoff;
evaporation<precipitation
Hydrological Cycle
THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS?