Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tutorial Series
+
Table of Contents
The Operational Amplifier______________________________slides 3-4
The Four Amplifier Types______________________________slide 5
VCVS(Voltage Amplifier) Summary:
Noninverting Configuration____________slides 6-9
Inverting Configuration________________slides 10-12
ICIC(Current Amplifier) Summary________________________slide 13
VCIS (Transconductance Amplifier) Summary_____________slides 14-15
ICVS (Transresistance Amplifier) Summary_______________slides 16-18
Power Bandwidth_____________________________________slide 19
Slew Rate____________________________________________slide 20
Slew Rate Output Distortion____________________________ slide 21
Noise Gain___________________________________________slide 22
Gain-Bandwidth Product_______________________________slide 23
Cascaded Amplifiers - Bandwidth________________________slide 24
Common Mode Rejection Ratio__________________________slides 25-26
Power Supply Rejection Ratio___________________________slide 27
Sources_____________________________________________slide 28
The Operational Amplifier
• Usually Called Op Amps
• An amplifier is a device that accepts a varying input signal and
produces a similar output signal with a larger amplitude.
• Usually connected so part of the output is fed back to the input.
(Feedback Loop)
• Most Op Amps behave like voltage amplifiers. They take an input
voltage and output a scaled version.
• They are the basic components used to build analog circuits.
• The name “operational amplifier” comes from the fact that they were
originally used to perform mathematical operations such as
integration and differentiation.
• Integrated circuit fabrication techniques have made high-
performance operational amplifiers very inexpensive in comparison
to older discrete devices.
The Operational Amplifier
+VS
i(-) _
Inverting
RO
vid A Output
Ri
vO = Advid
Noninverting
i(+) +
-VS
• i(+), i(-) : Currents into the amplifier on the inverting and noninverting lines
respectively
• vid : The input voltage from inverting to non-inverting inputs
• +VS , -VS : DC source voltages, usually +15V and –15V
• Ri : The input resistance, ideally infinity
• A : The gain of the amplifier. Ideally very high, in the 1x1010 range.
• RO: The output resistance, ideally zero
• vO: The output voltage; vO = AOLvid where AOL is the open-loop voltage gain
The Four Amplifier Types
Gain Transfer
Description Symbol Function
Voltage Amplifier
or Av vo/vin
Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)
Current Amplifier
or Ai io/iin
Current Controlled Current Source (ICIS)
Transconductance Amplifier
gm
or io/vin
(siemens)
Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCIS)
Transresistance Amplifier
rm
or vo/iin
(ohms)
Current Controlled Voltage Source (ICVS)
VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Noninverting Configuration
i(+)
+ iO iL vid = vo/AOL
vid Assuming AOL
_ iF +
+ + + vO vid =0
vin i(-) vF RF RL vL - Also, with the
_ _
_ assumption that Rin =
i(+) = i(-) = 0
+
v1 R1 This means that,
Applying KVL the _ i1 iF = i1
following equations Therefore: iF = vin/R1
can be found: Using the equation to the left the output
v1 = vin voltage becomes:
vO = v1 + vF = vin+ iFRF vo = vin + vinRF = vin RF + 1
R1 R1
VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Noninverting Configuration Continued
The closed-loop voltage gain is symbolized by Av and is found to be:
Av = vo = RF + 1
vin R1
The original closed loop gain equation is:
Av = AF = AOL AF is the amplifier
1 + AOL gain with
feedback
General Equations:
i1 = vin/R1
iF = i1
vo = -iFRF = -vinRF/R1
Av = RF/R1 = R1/RF
VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Inverting Configuration Continued
Input and Output Resistance
Ideally, the input resistance for this configuration is equivalent to R1.
However, the actual value of the input resistance is given by the
following formula:
Rin = R1 + RF
1 + AOL
Ideally, the output resistance is zero, but the formula below gives a
more accurate value:
RoF = Ro
1 + AOL
Solution:
vo = -iFRF = -vinRF/R1 = -(0.6*20,000)/2000 = 12 V
iF = i1 = vin/R1 = 1 / 2000 = 0.5 mA
Av = RF/R1 = 20,000 / 2000 = 10 = R1/RF = 2000 / 20,000 = 0.1
Rin = R1 + RF = 2000 + 20,000 = 2,000.05
1 + AOL 1 + 400,000
RoF = Ro = 60 = 1.67 m
1 + AOL 1 + 0.09*400,000 Note: is 0.09 because using
different formula than above
ICIS (Current Amplifier) Summary
Not commonly done using operational amplifiers
iL
Load
_
iin
+ iin = iL
Similar to the voltage
1 Possible follower shown below:
ICIS
Operational
Amplifier _
+ vin = vo
Application vin
_ +
+ vO
-
Both these amplifiers have
unity gain:
Voltage Follower
Av = Ai = 1
VCIS (Transconductance Amplifier) Summary
Voltage to Current Converter
iL iL
Load Load
i1 R1 i1 R1
_ _
+ OR +
vin + vin +
_ _ +
vin
_
General Equations:
iL = i1 = v1/R1
v1 = vin
The transconductance, gm = io/vin = 1/R1
Therefore, iL = i1 = vin/R1 = gmvin
The maximum load resistance is determined by:
RL(max) = vo(max)/iL
VCIS (Transconductance Amplifier)
Voltage to Current Converter Example
iL
Load Given: vin = 2 V, R1 = 2 k
i1 R1 vo(max) = 10 V
_
Find: iL , gm and RL(max)
+
vin +
_ Solution:
iL = i1 = vin/R1 = 2 / 2000 = 1 mA
Note:
gm = io/vin = 1/R1 = 1 / 2000 = 0.5 mS
• If RL > RL(max) the op amp
will saturate RL(max) = vo(max)/iL = 10 V / 1 mA
• The output current, iL is
independent of the load = 10 k
resistance.
VCIS (Transresistance Amplifier) Summary
Current to Voltage Converter
iF RF
+
iin + vO
-
General Equations:
iF = iin
vo = -iFRF
rm = vo/iin = RF
VCIS (Transresistance Amplifier) Summary
Current to Voltage Converter
Solution:
iF = iin = 10 mA
vo = -iFRF = 10 mA * 200 = 2 V
rm = vo/iin = RF = 200
Power Bandwidth
The maximum frequency at which a sinusoidal output signal can be
produced without causing distortion in the signal.
The power bandwidth, BWp is determined using the desired
output signal amplitude and the the slew rate (see next slide)
specifications of the op amp.
BWp = SR
2Vo(max)
SR = 2fVo(max) where SR is the slew rate
Example:
Given: Vo(max) = 12 V and SR = 500 kV/s
Find: BWp
Solution: BWp = 500 kV/s = 6.63 kHz
2 * 12 V
Slew Rate
A limitation of the maximum possible rate of change of the
output of an operational amplifier.
As seen on the previous slide, This is derived from:
SR = 2fVo(max) SR = vo/tmax
f is the
frequency in Slew Rate is independent of the
Hz closed-loop gain of the op amp.
Example:
Given: SR = 500 kV/s and vo = 12 V (Vo(max) = 12V)
Find: The t and f.
Solution: t = vo / SR = (10 V) / (5x105 V/s) = 2x10-5 s
f = SR / 2Vo(max) = (5x105 V/s) / (2 * 12) = 6,630 Hz
Slew Rate Distortion
v
desired output
waveform SR = v/t = m (slope)
v t
actual output
t
because of
slew rate
limitation
Acm = AN = 1000
log-1 (CMRR / 20) log-1 (90 / 20)
= 0.0316
Hybrid
Technology BJT BiFET BJT BiFET
BJT
Ro 50 30 60 50 ~100
Web Sources
www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0803814.html
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0836717.html
http://people.msoe.edu/~saadat/PSpice230Part3.htm